Attitudes and Values PDF

ATTITUDES AND VALUES MEANING  DEFINITION According to G.W. Allport, “ Attitude is a mental and neutral state of readiness, organised through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related...

ATTITUDES AND VALUES MEANING  DEFINITION According to G.W. Allport, “ Attitude is a mental and neutral state of readiness, organised through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related. ATTITUDE IS A MIRROR OF MIND ABC Components/Model of Attitude Only the behavioural component can be directly observed.  NATURE OF ATTITUDE 1. Attitude refers to feelings and beliefs of individual. 2. The feelings and beliefs are directed towards other people, objects and ideas. Eg I like my job is directed towards his job. 3. Attitude affects the behaviour or action of people. 4. It cannot be directly observed. It can be observed indirectly by observing the behaviour. 5. Attitude is acquired gradually over a period of time. 6. Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favourable or unfavourable. 7. All people, irrespective of the status and intelligence hold attitudes. 8. Attitude may be unconciously held about those which we are not clearly aware. 9. There are three components of attitude- affective, behavioural and cognitive. 10. Attitude is formed from several sources. 11. They persist unless something is done to change attitude. 12. Job satisfaction, Organisational commitment, Job involvement are job attitudes.  FORMATION/SOURCES OF ATTITUDE 1. Direct Personal Experiences- Whether the personal experience is positive or negative. 2. Association- Sometimes an individual may come across a new object which is associated with old object. Attitude towards old object will affect the attitude towards new object. Eg. Friend of a friend. 3. Family and peer groups- attitude of parents, teachers and peer group member affects attitude. 4. Neighbourhood- Neighbours affect our attitude. Different cultures also affect attitudes. 5. Economic status and occupational position of individuals also affect attitude formation. 6. Mass communication- advertising attempts to alter attitudes. 7. Education- also affects attitude. TYPES OF WORK RELATED ATTITUDES JOB SATISFACTION JOB INVOLVEMENT ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT PERCEIVED ORGANISATIONAL SUPPORT EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT  FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDES 1. THE ADJUSTMENT FUNCTION 2. THE EGO DEFENSIVE FUNCTION 3. THE VALUE EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION 4. THE KNOWLEDGE FUNCTION Attitudes are often substituted for knowledge.  CHANGING ATTITUDES Attitudes of employees are not always rigid, these can be changes. Management wants happy employees. If employees have got negative attitude management would like to change negative attitude of employees, because happy workforce is the major strength of the organisation.  BASIS FOR ATTITUDE CHANGE 1. Compliance- compliance implies change in behaviour based on consequences, such as individual’s hopes to gain rewards or avoid punishment. 2. Identification- identification involves change of beliefs in order to be similar to someone who one admires or likes. 3. Internalisation- change in belief when one finds the content of the attitude to be internally rewarding, and thus leading to actual change in beliefs.  TYPES OF CHANGE 1. CONGRUENT CHANGE- When change in attitude is in same direction but the intensity of feelings is reduced. Eg. Still dislike but intensity of dislike is reduced. 2. INCONGRUENT CHANGE- incongruent change involves change of direction itself from positive to negative or vice versa. WAYS OF OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS AND CHANGING THE ATTITUDES 1. Providing new information 2. Use of fear 3. Resolving discrepancies 4. Influencing of friends or peers 5. The coopting approach 6. Oral persuasion technique 7. Training sessions 8. Others MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDE VALUES DEFINITIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUES CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES  SOURCES OF VALUE 1. Family 2. Social Factors- teacher, classmates, school. 3. Personal factors- intelligence, ability, appearance, educational level. 4. Cultural Factors- old patterns of behaviour. 5. Religious factors- values passed on from generation to generation. 6. Life experiences 7. Role demands- Behaviour associated with a particular position eg IAS.  VALUES AND OB Understanding of values is very useful to the managers in an organisation because values influence the behaviour of people. 1. Values influence the perception of problems faced by him. 2. Values affect interpersonal relations in organisations. 3. Values of an individual influences the way he looks at the organisations success. Indicator of success/ means used to earn profit are more important. 4. Values of individuals set the limit for determination of ethical and unethical behaviour. 5. Values determine the extent to which an individual can cope up with the organisations pressures and goals. VALUES ACROSS CULTURES 1. Individualism VS Collectivism- degree that people value their individual goals over the group goals. 2. Power distance- extent to which people accept unequal distribution of power in the society. 3. Uncertainty avoidance- degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. The degree to which people tolerate ambiguity or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty. 4. Achievement VS nurturing orientation 5. Long term VS short term orientation