Astronomy Review PDF

2.Mars surfaceNorthern Hemisphere is flat, Southern is higher and older 3.Earth has got it just right (subduction and seafloor spreading) , venus was active bc of thin plates, got hot too fast, mars was slower and froze 4.Atmosphere is diff from clouds, atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and...

2.Mars surfaceNorthern Hemisphere is flat, Southern is higher and older 3.Earth has got it just right (subduction and seafloor spreading) , venus was active bc of thin plates, got hot too fast, mars was slower and froze 4.Atmosphere is diff from clouds, atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium, clouds are oxygen and ammonia 5. Blue color because of methane (Absorbs red light) 6. Europa is big candidate for liquid water, 7. Jupiter and saturn have bigger cores, bigger magnetic fields 8. Io is most volcanically active, no permanent surface features because of tidal flexing (Very close to jupiter, lines up with europa and ganymede) 9.Triton’s future- in retrograde orbit, decaying because the moon gets closer to planet and get ripped apart) (also how rings happen) 10. Enceladus flexes and spits out ice, making it blue (Creates e ring) 11. Saturns Rings- all 4 jovian have planets, lots of balance points between moons and saturn, making rings. Saturns is big and bright because of big chunks, lots of them, and lots of radiation making them bright and new 12. Rings & Roche limit- Roche predicted rings by moonlet breaking 2.4x radius of the planet is roche limit 13. Asteroids- belt between mars and jupiter, all asteroids orbit in same direction of planets with ellipical orbits- 4 types of asteroids Comets- as comet melts, dust and ice (white tail is dust, blue tail is ice) process starts know how solar system was made 15 kuiper belt and oort cloud- kuiper belt is donut shaped region just beyond neptune, sends us comets, oort cloud is halo beyond kuiper belt, sends comets in the sun’s equater OORT CLOUD CREATED BY PLANETESIMALS FLUNG FROM SUN IN GAVITY ENCOUNTERS WITH JOVIAN PLANETS 16 solar system stats- WATCH FOR WORDING THAT SOUNDS SAME BUT IS OPPOSITE 17 nebular contraction- cloud of gas and dust is imbalanced, nearby shockwave creates angular momentum and creates disk around equator of collapsing star 18. Angular momentum- shrink or expansion changes rotation rate (ANGULAR MOMENTUM DOESNT CHANGE, WHAT MAKES IT UP CHANGES) 19. Condensation accretion process- after nebular contraction with protostar, condensing because of dust making eletrical charge, accretion makes larger clumps and less objects to collide maes protoplanets, rocky planets near sun, gas planets farther (longest)  20. Temp in early solar- Protosun is over 2000k, terrestrial planets in close, jovian farther away 21. Jovian planet formations- Gas accretion, capturing gas from nebula (Takes mill years) same process as rocky accretion METHOD 2. Gravitational instability- process only takes thousands of years 22. Indirect methods- see affects on star thru redshift/blueshift, position change, light level drop (Planetary transit method) (Unbiased)