Astronomy - An Observational Science PDF

1 AU is equivalent to the A generalization of the first A line of the ellipse that has ave. distance of the Earth law, but it also gives us a similar length as the average from the Sun, which is equal way to define mass distance of a planet from the...

1 AU is equivalent to the A generalization of the first A line of the ellipse that has ave. distance of the Earth law, but it also gives us a similar length as the average from the Sun, which is equal way to define mass distance of a planet from the to ____ Sun Newton's third law (Law of 1.5 x 10^8 km or 150 M km Interaction) Semimajor axis A planetary model: Earth is A list of stars according ot the center of the universe; A useful construct for their position, magnitude planets revolve around the describing locations of (brightness), and other Sun; the Sun, Moon, and objects in the sky properties stars revolve around the Earth Celestial Sphere Star Catalog Tychonian Planetary Model Any change of momentum An object that is accelerating within the system must be free of any gravitational pull Ancient physics principle balanced by another change is essentially no different holding that the Earth is the that is equal and opposite so than the same object that is natural center of all celestial that the momentum of the stationary but affected by spheres entire system is not changed. gravity Aristotelian physics Newton's third law (Law of Equivalence Principle Interaction) As a planet approaches the As Brahe did not have the Sun on its elliptical orbit and ability to analyze his the distance to the spin Astronomers which placed observational data of the center decreases, the planet the heliocentric model of planetary motions, he ______ to conserve the Copernicus on a sound assisted Brahe and later _______. Similarly, when mathematical basis developed laws based on the planet is farther from the those data Sun, it moves more ______. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler speeds up; angular momentum; slowly Astronomers who Brahe's catalogue was significantly contributed to Brahe's book which contains completed and later edited our understanding of how a catalogue of 777 stars by Kepler with how many planets move around the Sun stars? Astronomiae instauratae Tycho Brahe and Johannes progymnasmata 1004 fixed stars Kepler  Called as the evening star Comets generally have when in the west after Circular satellite velocity orbits of _____ size and sunset, and as the morning needed on Earth for satellites ____ eccentricity than those star when in the east before to orbit around the planet of asteroids sunrise 8 km/s (17,500 mi/h) larger; greater (e = 0.8 or Venus higher) Galileo discovered these celestial objects using his Copernicus described his Few people ever notice it in self-made telescope, which heliocentric model ideas in the sky because it never proved that Earth could this book published in 1543 moves very far from the Sun revolve the Sun while (never moves more than 28° Moon's revolving around it De Revolutionibus Orbium away in the sky) without being left behind Coelestium (On the Revolution of Celestial Mercury Jupiter's four moons Orbs) (Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io) Generally, asteroids have orbits with ____ semimajor Greatest contributions of Half the distance from the axes than do comets Galileo were in what field of center of the ellipse to one study? end smaller (majority of asteroids lie in the asteroid Mechanics Semimajor axis belt, thus smaller orbit = smaller semimajor axis) He believed that celestial He claimed that comets were He appeared before the spheres were real, solid optical phenomena (making Inquisition and was put into objects moved by gods and their parallaxes impossible house arrest due to his beyond this sphere there was to measure). This hypothesis heliocentric model being nothing (not even an empty of his was not widely heretical space), believing the accepted universe is a finite sphere Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei Aristotle He studied how free falling He showed that rest is no He was able to determine or rolling down objects have more natural than motion, that the published tables of uniform acceleration, arguing that force is required Ptolemy on the position of gaining equal increments in not to start motion but to the planets varied from his speed in equal intervals of stop it as well actual observations time Galileo Galilei Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei  How did Galileo led to the How did Venus was used to idea that Earth is a planet, a prove the heliocentric How Galileo proved the celestial body not so model? heliocentric model? different with other large objects in the sky? Venus undergo phases Via astronomical similar to the Moon, a observations using a By observing the craters, scenario only possible (and telescope mountains, valleys, and dark has been observed) if Venus areas on the Moon, similar revolved around the Sun to what Earth has If the two foci in the ellipse have the same location, the In Time Dilation, the If the planet moves in a distance between the foci lightspeed moving object circular orbit, the orbital would be ___ and the has _____ time than the speed of the planet is ____ eccentricity would be ____, stationary object giving the shape of a _____ Constant slower 0; 0; circle In his astronomical In an ellipse, the ___ of the observatory in Hven Island, In orbital speed: a planet distance of two ___ to any he made continuous records _____ as it comes closer to point on the ellipse is always of the positions of the Sun, the Sun and ______ as it the same Moon, and planets for pulls away from the Sun almost 20 years sum; foci speeds up; slows down Tycho Brahe Isaac Newton developed this Its brightness depends on mathematical tool to solve whether its large rings are Kepler discovered the real how gravitational effects are seen nearly edge-on (faint) shape of the planet's orbits, affected by distance between or more widely opened which is ____ bodies (bright) Ellipse Calculus Saturn Kepler's first law: Each Kepler's law: a planet's Kepler's first law formula (r planet moves around the Sun orbital period squared is = planet-star distance, e = proportional to the in an orbit that is an ellipse, eccentricity, a = major axis, semimajor axis of its orbit with the ___ at one focus of theta = true anomaly) cubed (P^2∝a^3) the ellipse r = [a(1-e^2)]/[1+e cos theta] Sun Kepler's third law  Kepler's law: in equal Kepler's third law: The intervals of time, the areas square of a planet's _____ is swept out in space by an Kepler's law: the orbits of all directly proportional to the imaginary line connecting the planets are ellipses cube of the ______ of its the Sun and a planet are orbit always equal Kepler's first law Orbital period; semimajor Kepler's second law axis Lippershey's telescope Kepler's three laws provide a influenced this person to precise geometric create his own as well and Kepler's third law: units of P description of _________ proceeded to do and a within the framework of the astronomical observations _____ system with it and later proving the P = years, a = astronomical Sun is the center of the unit (AU) planetary motion; universe Copernican Galileo Galilei Masses in the universe Mercury's orbital speed Measure of a body's motion interact via what force? (highest among the planets) Momentum Gravity 48 km/s Most important idea in Copernicus' De Neptune's orbital speed Most eccentric orbit Revolutionibus (lowest among the planets) Mercury (0.21) Earth is one of the planets 5 km/s revolving around the Sun Newton concluded that the magnitude of the force of gravity must _______with Newton derived Kepler's increasing distance between third law by adding ___ to Newton's Universal Law of the Sun and a planet (or its concept and equation Gravitation's formula between any two objects) in proportion to the inverse mass of two interacting Fg = G(M1M2/R^2) _________ of their bodies separation. In decrease; square  Newton's first law Newton's first law is a Newton's derived equation Every object will continue to restatement of one of of the Kepler's third law be in a state of rest or move Galileo's discoveries, called at a constant speed in a the ________. a^3 = (M1+M2) x P^2 straight line unless it is compelled to change by an Conservation of momentum outside force. Newton's gravity law: Newton's second law Newton's gravity law: gravitational attraction gravity can never become between two bodies must be The change of motion of a ____ ____ to their masses body is proportional to and in the direction of the force zero proportional acting on it. Newton's third law Newton’s second law For every action there is an expresses force in terms of Path of an object through equal and opposite reaction its ability to change space (or: the mutual actions of ________ with time. two bodies upon each other Orbit are always equal and act in Momentum opposite directions). Pioneered scientific Proved general relativity by observation, observing that the stars near experimentation, and testing Says that the total the sun were displaced from of hypotheses through momentum of the objects their normal positions during careful quantitative should remain constant. an eclipse due to Sun's measurements to prove gravity something Newton's first law Arthur Eddington Galileo Galilei Tendency of objects to keep Sun-centric solar system The brightest object in the doing what they are already model sky after the Sun and Moon doing Heliocentric model Venus Inertia The comet which Brahe has The first telescope (once thousands of precise The counterpart terms of called spyglasses) that measurements on, making perihelion and aphelion for attracted much notice were him believe that the comet natural planet satellites made in 1608 by the Dutch was outside Sun's and spectacle maker named ____ Moon's orbits perigee and apogee Hans Lippershey Great Comet of 1577  The genius that found a The force Newton proposed conceptual framework that which bent the paths of The force keeping planets in completely explained the planets, causing them to orbit observations and rules move in ellipses assembled by Galileo, Gravity Brahe, Kepler, and others Gravity Isaac Newteon The greater the eccentricity, The heliocentric doctrine by the more _____ is the The greatest astronomical this person was prohibited ellipse, up to a maximum observatory built by Brahe by the Catholic Church in eccentricity of ____, when before the telescope's 1616 via a decree, stating it the ellipse becomes "flat," invention was false and absurb and not the other extreme of a circle to be held or defended Uraniborg elongated; 1.0; flat Galileo Galilei The law that satisfied The law states that in the Kepler's wish of knowing absence of any outside why the orbits of the planets The last and greatest of the influence, there is a measure were spaced as they are and pre-telescopic observers in of a body’s motion, called finding a mathematical Europe its momentum, that remains pattern in their movements unchanged. (a harmony of the spheres as Tycho Brahe he called it) Conservation of momentum Kepler's third law The person who challenged The part of the orbit when a The part of the orbit when a the Roman Catholic Italy planet makes it closest planet makes it farthest that heliocentric theory was approach to its star approach to its star the correct model, but also lectured it publicly Perihelion Aphelion Galileo Galilei The problem with The planet Kepler worked The pioneer of a Sun- heliocentric model of on to develop his first two centered solar system model Copernicus laws Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus cannot prove it Mars through observational means  The ratio of the distance The second-brightest planet The shape or roundness of between the foci to the in the sky, approximately an ellipse depends on how length of the major axis is equaling in brilliance the close together the _____ are, called the ____ of the ellipse brightest stars compared with the _____. eccentricity Jupiter two foci; major axis The size of the ellipse is determined by the _____, The speed needed to move The speed with which each while the shape of the ellipse away from Earth forever, or planet moves along its is determined by the ___ of escape speed ellipse the ellipse 11 km/s (25,000 mi/h) Orbital speed Semimajor axis; eccentricity The when Europe began to The supernova that Tycho emerge from its dark ages Brahe observed which was and to trade with the Arab The time it takes a planet to as bright as Venus, proving countries, leading to the travel once around the Sun that there are celestial rediscovery of astronomical objects beyond the Moon works and questions Orbital period (P) SN 1572 (Tycho Supernova) Renaissance (French for rebirth) Theory by Einstein which Theory by Einstein which showed that laws of physics The ____ of an object is the showed that gravity is not a work the same for all non- measure of the physical force, but the curve in accelerating particles and the space it occupies. spacetime speed of light is constant everywhere Volume Theory of general relativity Theory of special relativity Upon observation of a What book Newton comet, he concluded that the published in 1687 which comet's movement plowed contained the results of his Used to specify the size of through the boundaries of remarkable investigations on the ellipse the celestial sphere motion and gravity? (according to him, the Semimajor axis celestial medium is fluid) Principia (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Tycho Brahe Mathematica)  What did disappearing What the derived equation of sunspots, which Galileo What solar system model did Kepler's third law can now observed, reveal? Galileo adopted and proved? do? The Sun itself was rotating Heliocentric model Determine the masses of on an axis planets and stars What was more convincing When did the Catholic Who determined the forces in proving something during Church admit publicly that it of nature constraining the Copernicus' time? had erred in the matter of planets to follow Kepler's censoring Galileo's ideas? laws? Reasoning (the same as Aristotle) over 1992 Isaac Newton experimenting Why Kepler missed the mass of the bodies in his Who encouraged Newton to Who proved that Venus equation? publish the results of his underwent phases the same remarkable investigations on as the Moon (which later With mass expressed motion and gravity? proved heliocentrism)? according to the Sun's mass (Sun's mass is 0), the Edmund Halley Galileo Galilei planets' mass are negligible since they are so tiny compared to the Sun. Why astronauts in the ISS fee no gravity? Why orbital speeds of the Widest diameter of the planets vary? ellipse They are in free fall, accelerating the same rate as Their orbits are elliptical Major axis everything around them and falling around the Earth With its distinctive red color, it can be nearly as bright as Year when Kepler Year when Kepler made his Venus when close to Earth, formulated his third two planetary motion laws but normally it remains planetary motion law much less conspicuous 1609 1618 Mars ________ is a consequence a measure of how much Year when Kepler worked of the conservation of mass there is per unit with Brahe angular momentum. volume. 1600 Kepler's second law Density  the product of an object's is a measure of the amount mass, its velocity, and its of material within an object. distance from the fixed point around which it revolves. Mass Angular momentum