AST101 Review Sheet PDF

Introductory Definitions ======================== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Terrestrial Planets/Jovian Planets ================================== -...

Introductory Definitions ======================== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Terrestrial Planets/Jovian Planets ================================== - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Mercury* | - - - - - - | | | | | | - - | +===================================+===================================+ | *Venus* | - - - - - | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Earth* | - - - - | | | | | | - - | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Mars* | - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Jupiter* | - - - | | | | | | - - | +===================================+===================================+ | *Saturn* | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Uranus* | - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Neptune* | - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Celestial Sphere/Stars ====================== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Earth's Axis Tilt/Seasons ========================= - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Summer* | - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | *Winter* | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *June Solstice* | - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | *December Solistice* | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *March Equinox* | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *September Equinox* | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Lunar Phases ============ - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *New Moon* | - - - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | *Waxing Crescent* | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Waxing Quarter* | - - - - | | | | | (1st Quarter) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Waxing Gibbous* | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Full moon* | - - - - | | | | | | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Waning Gibbous* | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Waning Quarter* | - - - | | | | | (3rd Quarter) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Waning Crescent* | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Eclipses ======== - - - - -  - - - - - - - - 1. 2. - Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models (Copernican Revolution) ========================================================== - - +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | *Observations* | *Assmptions* | *Conclusions* | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | - - - | - - | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - Scientists Observations ----------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Newton's Laws ============= Definitions ----------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Newton's Laws of Motion ----------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Orbital Energy ============== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tides/Tidal Forces ================== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. - - - - - - - - The Sun ======= Energy Generation ----------------- - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | QUICK DEFINITIONS: | | | | - - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Properties/Layers ----------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***Core*** | - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | ***Radiative Zone*** | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***Convection Zone*** | - - - - - | | | | | | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***Photosphere*** | - - | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***Chromosphere*** | - - - | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***Corona*** | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Sunspots -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Light/Spectra ============= - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. Waves/Electromagnetic Spectrum ------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  Blackbody Radiation ------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Light as a Wave and Particle ---------------------------- - - - - - - - - - Spectroscopy ------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - The Doppler Effect ------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - Interstellar Medium =================== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Star Formation ============== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Planets or Stars? ================= - - - - - The Young Sun ============= ***Property*** ***Now*** ***4.6 Million Years Ago*** ------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------- Spin Rate once a month once a week Wind modest strong Sunspots modest lots Solar Flares some lots Composition of the Core 39% H, 60% He 72% H, 27% He - - - Nebular Hypothesis ================== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Exceptions + Possible Explanations ---------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - The Frost Line ============== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Carbon Dating ============= - - - - - - - - - Terrestrial Planets =================== +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **RECALL:** | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Planetary Interiors ------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Planetary Heating/Cooling ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Surface Features ---------------- ### Craters - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### Volcanoes/Volcanism - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Earth's Moons* | - - - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | *Mars* | - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Venus* | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Earth* | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ### Plate Tectonics - - - - - - - - ### Erosion - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Changing The Surface:** | | | | - - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Atmospheres ----------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Small Bodies of the Solar System ================================ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jovian Planets ============== - - - - - - - Jupiter ------- - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - - - - - ### Storms/Clouds - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  ### ### Moons - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Io* | - - - | | | | | | - | +===================================+===================================+ | *Europa* | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Ganymede* | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Callisto* | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Saturn ------ - - - - - - - - ### Moons - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Titan* | - - - | | | | | | - - | | | | | | - - - - - - - - - | | | | +===================================+===================================+ | *Iapetus* | - - - - | | | | | | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Rhea* | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Enceladus* | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Hyperion* | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ### Rings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Uranus ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - Neptune ------- - - - - - - - - - - - Terrestrial vs. Jovian Planets Comparison ----------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Terrestrial Planets* | *Jovian Planets* | +===================================+===================================+ | Mostly heavy elements | Mostly H and He | | | | | (C, Si, Fe, Ni, O) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mostly solid with thin or no | Thick layer of gas transitions to | | atmosphere | liquid then solid | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Low masses | High masses | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Spins slowly | Spins quickly | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | No rings | All have rings | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Few or no moons | Dozens of moons | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Space Exploration ================= - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fly-By Missions --------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Orbiter Missions ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - 4. 5. -  Lander/Probe Missions --------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sample-Return Missions ---------------------- - - - - Power/Communications -------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Exoplanets ========== - - - - - - - - - - Transit Method -------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - 4. - 5. - - 6. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Strengths* | *Weaknesses* | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - - | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - Doppler Method -------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Strengths* | *Weaknesses* | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - Search for Extraterrestrial Life (SETI) ======================================= - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -