Assessment of Individual Patients with Visual and Auditory-Visual Problems PDF

RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. NEWBORNS RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. CHILDREN RANDOL...

RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. NEWBORNS RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. CHILDREN RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. ADULTS RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Complete or Partial Vision Loss Tunnel Vision Light Sensitivity Night Blindness Distorted Vision Floaters or Flashes Blind Spots (Scotomas) Difficulty Focusing Color Vision Changes RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. MANAGEMENT Medical Treatment Eye drops are often used to reduce pressure in conditions like glaucoma, while antibiotics treat infections like trachoma. Vitamin A may be recommended to treat deficiencies that can cause issues like difficulty seeing in low light, commonly known as night blindness. Surgical Treatment Cataract Surgery Corneal Transplants Retinal Surgery Vision Restoration Gene Therapy Visual Implants or Prostheses RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D.  INFLAMMATORY DISTURBANCES TYPES Uveitis: Swelling and irritation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, which can lead to symptoms like eye pain, redness, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve, often associated with diseases like multiple sclerosis. It can cause vision loss, discomfort when moving the eyes, and changes in color vision. Keratitis: An inflamed cornea, usually due to infections or injury, causing redness, pain, and blurry vision. Scleritis: Swelling in the sclera (the white part of the eye), often linked to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, leading to severe pain and redness. Endophthalmitis: A rare but severe infection inside the eye, typically caused by surgery, trauma, or other infections, which results in serious inflammation and can threaten vision. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Uveitis Symptoms Scleritis Symptoms Floaters (dark spots or shapes floating in vision) Severe, deep eye pain that may worsen Decreased visual acuity (difficulty focusing or seeing details) with movement Eye watering or excessive tearing Swelling or thickening of the sclera Swelling of the eye or surrounding tissues Vision that appears foggy or distorted Optic Neuritis Symptoms Pain that radiates to the face or head Partial or complete vision loss, often in one eye Flashing lights or flickering sensations in the field of Endophthalmitis Symptoms vision Severe eye pain and redness Reduced ability to distinguish contrasts or brightness Swollen eyelids Eye tenderness when touched Loss of vision or complete blindness in Keratitis Symptoms the affected eye Gritty or foreign body sensation in the eye Pus or discharge from the eye Excessive tearing or discharge Sensitivity to touch around the eye Difficulty keeping the eye open due to discomfort Sensitivity to wind or temperature changes RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. MANAGEMENT Medical Interventions Anti-Inflammatory: Steroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to control swelling and redness in conditions like uveitis or optic neuritis. Infection Management: Antibiotics or antivirals are prescribed for infections like keratitis or endophthalmitis. Immune Regulation: Medications to suppress the immune system are used when inflammation is linked to autoimmune diseases. Surgical Treatment Vitrectomy: Removes infected or inflamed tissue inside the eye, especially in severe infections like endophthalmitis. Corneal Transplants: Replaces a damaged cornea for vision improvement in cases of advanced keratitis. Laser Surgery: Helps treat complications from inflammation, such as retinal damage from uveitis. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D.  NEOPLASTIC DISTURBANCES Intraocular melanoma develops from melanocytes, the same cells responsible for the most dangerous type of skin cancer (melanoma). The majority of eye cancers are melanomas, with most occurring in the middle layer of the eye, known as the uvea. These are referred to as uveal melanomas. They include: Iris melanoma: Forms in the colored part of your eye, called the iris, can create a dark spot that grows and is noticeable against the rest of the iris. These spots usually grow slowly. Ciliary body melanoma: The ciliary body consists of muscles that modify the shape of your eye's lens, enabling you to see both near and far objects clearly. It is located just behind the iris, the colored part of your eye. When you focus on something close, the lens becomes more rounded, while it flattens out for distant views. Choroidal melanoma: The choroid is a layer within your eye that supplies blood and nutrients to both the retina at the back and the front part of the eye, helping to keep them healthy. This layer is also the most common place for eye melanoma to develop. Retinoblastoma - is a type of tumor that develops from the retina at the back of the eye. It is most commonly found in children under the age of five. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Vision-related issues that could indicate eye cancer include: Blurred vision Partial or complete vision loss Flashes of light, spots, or squiggly lines (floaters) Other potential signs and symptoms consist of: One eye bulging Persistent eye irritation A dark spot on the iris that enlarges A lump on the eyelid or within the eye that grows Alterations in the eyeball's position and movement. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. MANAGEMENT Radiation therapy - is one of the most common treatments for eye cancer. Brachytherapy: - also known as internal radiation therapy, is the primary procedure used to treat eye melanomas. During this procedure, a small disc is placed near the tumor, which emits radiation to destroy cancer cells. Laser therapy - this procedure employs heat to eliminate eye cancer, with transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) being the most prevalent technique. During the procedure, infrared light is used to deliver targeted heat to the tumor, effectively destroying cancer cells. Healthcare providers may utilize TTT alone or in conjunction with brachytherapy to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. MANAGEMENT Surgery - This is a frequently used treatment choice, particularly for small tumors that have not spread beyond the eye. The procedures include: Iridectomy: This procedure involves removing a portion of your iris and is often used by doctors when treating small melanomas. Iridocyclectomy: This procedure involves the removal of a portion of the iris and ciliary body. It is frequently utilized by healthcare providers for the treatment of small melanomas. Transscleral resection: Removes melanomas located in the choroid or ciliary body. Enucleation: This procedure involves the removal of the eyeball. It may be necessary for large tumors or in cases where vision cannot be preserved through other treatments. Following the surgery, you will receive a prosthetic eye that is designed to match your remaining eye. Your healthcare team will collaborate with you to ensure that the replacement looks natural and moves in coordination with your other eye. Orbital exenteration: This procedure involves the complete removal of your eyeball along with some adjacent tissue. Your healthcare provider may suggest this surgery if cancer has spread to the structures surrounding the eye. Similar to enucleation, you will receive an artificial eye implant afterward. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. TRAUMATIC INTERFERENCES WITH VISUAL PERCEPTION Post-Traumatic Vision Syndrome (PTVS) is a clinical diagnosis for visual symptoms that emerge after a brain injury. The main factor contributing to PTVS is a disruption between two critical components of vision—central vision and peripheral vision—that are essential for clear and comfortable sight. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS TBI can cause the following visual dysfunctions: Blurred vision Double vision Low blink rate Depth-perception issues Difficulty with eye-tracking Sensitivity to light (photophobia) Eye strain, especially while reading or using a computer Non-visual symptoms may include: Dizziness Headaches Poor balance Disorientation Difficulty reading Difficulty driving Difficulty concentrating Visual memory problems Difficulty navigating through crowhip ded or tight spaces RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. MANAGEMENT Neuro-optometric rehabilitation effectively addresses visual skills impacted by concussions or traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Each individualized program focuses on the specific needs of the patient, aiming to enhance the visual abilities essential for everyday activities. This rehabilitation can improve various visual skills, such as: Binocular vision Visual processing Visual midline shift Spatial awareness Eye-tracking and focusing Convergence Ocular motor function Therapeutic sessions may include evidence-based eye exercises, specialty lenses, prisms, and other visual aids to strengthen neural connections and enhance functional vision. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D. RANDOLF PHILIP P. 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What to know about vision problems in babies. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/signs-of-vision-problems-in-babies#causes Types of Visual Perceptual impairments – Scottish Acquired Brain Injury Network. (n.d.). https://www.acquiredbraininjury-education.scot.nhs.uk/impact-of-abi/visual-and-perceptual-impairments/visual- perception/types-of-visual-perceptual-impairments/ RANDOLF PHILIP P. SARINO, R.N., M.D.