أساسيات_الحاسوب(1).pdf

‫أساسيات الحاسوب‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫د‪.‬خولة العلي‬ Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible have to a programmer or, put another way, those attributes that a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer organization refers to the operational units and the...

‫أساسيات الحاسوب‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫د‪.‬خولة العلي‬ Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible have to a programmer or, put another way, those attributes that a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Examples of Computer architecture the number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory. Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals; interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used. 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 2 ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫مكونات الحاسوب األساسية‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ as transistor  )‫تطور الحاسوب و أداؤه (أجياله‬ Generation Dates Technology Principal new product 1 1950 -1959 Vacuum tubes Commercial electronic computer 2 1960 - 1968 Transistors Cheaper computer 3 1969 -1977 Integrated circuit minicomputer 4 1978 - ? LSI and VLSI Personal computers and workstation :‫تذكر‬ ‫الدارة املتكاملة هي جمع عدة بوابات منطقية في دارة واحدة لها التغذية‬ ‫نفسها‬ 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 9 the relationships among these programs and languages 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 10  Instruction set - software–Instruction set - Hardware ‫ تربط بين العتاد الصلب و البرمجيات و لها العديد من األشكال‬:Instruction set.‫ ) و تختلف من حاسوب آلخر‬ARM - RISC – MIPS( operand bits 64 -32-16-8 MIPS ‫ تدعم‬- - Category of Instruction MIPS assembly language: 1-Regester type (R-type): arithmetic and logical instructions 2- Immediate type )I- type(:Transfer data ( as load store) 3- (J- type(: Unconditional jump and conditional branch 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 11 ‫هرمية الذاكرة‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ profound effect on computer architecture - Moore’s Law is the observation that the number maximum of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. Dennard scaling refers to the reduction of MOS( Metal Oxide Semiconductor ) supply voltage in concert with the scaling of feature transistors get smaller, their sizes, so that as power density stays roughly constant. ‫في الدارات املنطقية املتكاملة والتي تبنى على نوع مختلف من‬MOS ‫استخدمت تقنية الـ‬ ‫الترانزستورات يدعى ترانزستور أثر الحقل وقد وفرت هذه التقنية في الطاقة املستهلكة إلى‬ 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ ‫ حد كبير‬17 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ - In 1974 Robert Dennard observed that power constant for a density was area of silicon even given as you increased the number of transistors because of smaller dimensions of each transistor. - Remarkably, transistors could go faster but use less power. - Dennard scaling ended around 2004 because current and voltage couldn’t keep dropping and still maintain the dependability of integrated circuits. -This change forced the microprocessor industry to use multiple efficient processors or cores instead of a single inefficient processor. 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 18 Understanding program performance 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 19 ‫تعاريف‬ ‫‪CPUClock Cycle For program‬‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ Performance Defining Performance - 1- response time :the time between the start and completion of a task. 2- execution time :the total time required for the accesses, computer to complete a task , including disk memory , I/O activities, operating system overhead, CPU execution time, and so on 1 3- 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 21 ‫‪Example‬‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬  ‫ويعتبر إحدى أهم مقاييس تقييم األداء‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬  ‫وبالتالي نستنتج أن ‪ B‬أسرع من ‪ A‬ألن‪:‬‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫املحاضرة ‪1‬‬ ‫بنيان حواسيب ‪2‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬  ‫املراجع‬ Willam Stallings, computer organization and architecture, 10th ,2016 Patterson-Hennesey, computer architecture A Quantitative Approach Sixth Edition, 2019 Willam Stallings, computer organization and ‫تنظيم الحاسوب و بنيانه مترجم عن‬ architecture, 5th ,2000 1 ‫املحاضرة‬ 2 ‫بنيان حواسيب‬ 28