arts-1st-Lecture.docx

**Class No.** **Name:** **Grade and Section:** **Date:** **Unit 1: WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS** **LESSON 1 -- PAINTINGS FROM THE EARLY AGE** **PAINTINGS FROM THE PRE-HISTORIC ERA** - Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way of communicating with ea...

**Class No.** **Name:** **Grade and Section:** **Date:** **Unit 1: WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS** **LESSON 1 -- PAINTINGS FROM THE EARLY AGE** **PAINTINGS FROM THE PRE-HISTORIC ERA** - Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way of communicating with each other. It may also be for religious or ceremonial purposes. **CAVE OF LASCAUX, 1** 5000-10000 B.C. -- Stone Age 1 **Painting from Ancient Egypt** - The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased after life place pleasant. - It emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation of the knowledge of the past.  **PAINTING FROM SARCOPHAGUS OF TUTANKHAMEN** XVIII dynasty 1362 A.D. -- 1253 B.C **PAINTINGS FROM CLASSICAL GREEK ERA** - Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases, panels and tomb. - It depicts natural figures with dynamic compositions. - Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes it reveals a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist representation. **Most common methods of Greek painting:** 1. **Fresco** - Method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall surfaces. - Colors are made with grind powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with a plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. 2. **Encaustic** - Developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship. **JUDGEMENT OF PARIS** (370- 330 B. C.) **Vase painting** **Kerch Style** - Also referred to as Kerch Vases are red-figured pottery named after the place where it was found. **Shapes commonly found are:** 1. pelike (wine container) 2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot) 3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath) 4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water) - Most common motifs were mostly scenes from the life of women. - It used a technique called polycromy, combination of different colors specially the brilliant one in an artistic manner. **PANEL PAINTING** - There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single piece or several panels joined together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of its organic composition.  **PITSA PANEL** **TOMB PAINTING** - Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It uses the method frescos either tempera (water-base) or encaustic (wax). - In tomb paintings, artists rely on the shade and hues of paint to create depth and life-like feeling.  **TOMB OF THE DIVER** **PAINTINGS FROM THE ROMANTIC ERA** - Most of the paintings in this era were copied or imitated from Hellenic Greek paintings. - Fresco technique was used in brightly colored backgrounds; division of the wall into a multiple rectangular areas (tic-tac-toe design); multi-point perspective; - Roman paintings have a wide variety of subjects, animals, everyday life, still life, mythological subjects, portraits and landscapes. - The development of landscape painting is the main innovation of Roman painting from Greek painting. **Mosaic** - It is an art process where an image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials. - This technique use for decorative art or interior decorations.  **Head of Alexander Fresco from the** **Villa of Mysteries** **BYZANTINE PAINTING** - The lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and Rome lived on in Byzantium but this time for Christian subjects. - By the 11^th^ century, the Greek and Oriental styles seem to blend together in magnificent, imposing images, which adorned the churches in large and small forms.  **The court of Empress Theodora** **ROMANESQUE PAINTING** - It has a remarkable variety of artistic traditions such as modeling and treatment of faces and draperies that follow Byzantine convention while the refreshingly decorative feeling comes from southern French styles. **CHRIST IN MAJESTY** **PAINTINGS FROM THE GOTHIC ERA** - Paintings gave been confined in the illumination of manuscript pages and the painting of frescoes on the walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant, mannered and sophisticated. - Subjects usually depicts popular legends and love stories, patterns like "mille fleur" or thousand flowers show influence which may have been due to the Crusades. - Stained glass windows were created to transform the vast stone interiors with warm and glowing color and at the same time to instruct Christian in their faith. - The paintings show some realistic details and shows naïve naturalism   **LESSON 2 -** **SCULPTURES FROM THE EARLY AGE** **Pre-Historic Sculptures** - Material uses in sculptures vary according to region and locality. - Archeologists believed that their sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not of human artistry. - Frequently carving may have mythological or religious significance. **Venus of Willendorf** - 28,000 B.C.E. -- 25,000 B.C.E - It is carved from limestone with excessively heavy and abdomen used as charm to ensure fertility. **Venus of Brassempouy** - 25,000 years old - A sculpture of a lady with the hood. - It is a fragmentary ivory figurine from the Upper Paleolithic era that realistically represents the human face and hairstyle. **SCULPTURES FROM THE EGYPTIAN ERA** - Symbolic elements were widely used such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials, color, actions and gestures. - The most common materials used for sculptures are wood, ivory and stones. **Queen Nefertiti, painted limestone** - 18^th^ Dynasty, 1375-1357 BC - Realistic, with heavy lided eyes, slender neck, determined chin and pure profile under her heavy crown. - Queen, refers to the Great Royal wife of the Egyptian pharaoh. **The Pharoah Menkaure and his Queen, stone** - 4^th^ Dynasty, 2548 -- 2530 B.C.E. - Examples of portraits presented in rigid postures, and were simple and powerful with very little show of private emotion. **SCULPTURES FROM THE CLASSICAL PERIOD** **Greek Sculptures** - Early Greek sculptures were tense and stiff; their bodies were hidden within enfolding robes. - After three centuries of experiments, Greek sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the points of human anatomy and proportion. **Hellenistic Style** - Denotes a preference in sculpture for more elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and groups, and an emphasis on the representation of movement for dramatic effects. **Myron; The Discobulus** - 450 BC - Shows an attitude of maximum tension, full of compressed energy, and about to explode an action. **ROMAN SCULPTURES** - Most Roman sculptures are made of monumental terra-cotta. - They did not attempt to compete with the free standing Greek works of history or mythology but rather they produced reliefs in the Great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs around.  **The Portonacio Sarcophagus** - Between 180 -- 190 B.C.E. - Used for the burial of Roman General involved in the campaign of Marcus Aurellius - It is a box-liked funeral receptacle for a dead body. - Comes from a Greek word "sarx" meaning flesh and "phagein" meaning to eat. - It depicts battle scenes between Romans and Germans. **Sarcopagus, from Cervetiri,** - 520 B.C.E. - A husband and wife are shown reclining comfortably, as if they were on a couch. **BYZANTINE SCULPTURES** - The dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures are religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs from nature. - Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer, peafowl) - Acrostic signs (form of writing in which taking the first letter; syllable or word of different lines and putting them together it can be read a message)  - An early example of Byzantine Ivory work **ROMANESQUE SCULPTURES** - Some of the famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontals, crucifixes, and devotional images. - Small individual works of art were generally made of costly materials for royal and aristocratic patrons. - These lightweight devotional images were usually carried in the processions both inside and outside the churches. **Last Judgement** - Tympanum (an architectural element with in the arch or pediment). **GOTHIC SCULPTURES** - Gothic sculptures have a greater freedom of style. - They no longer lay closely against the wall, but begun to project outward. - Figures were given their own particular attitudes instead of being set into particular patterns and are more lively and realistic. **LESSON 3 - ARCHITECTURE FROM THE EARLY AGE** **Pre-Historic Architecture** - Man has developed a form of architecture bases on megaliths (a big rock) from the Greek word ***[lithos]*** (stone) and ***[megas]*** (big). - This architecture is made of huge stone blocks which were probably intended for burial. - During this era, stones and rocks were associated with divinity. **THREE MAIN TYPES OF MEGALITH STONES** 1. **Menhir** - A huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing in the middle of the field or arranged in rows. 2. **Dolmen**s - The word dolmen originated from the expression taolmaen, which means "stone table". - These structures are in a form of table consisting of two huge standing stones supporting a horizontal giant stone. - It is believed that it served as grave or as an altar. 3. **Cromlech** - A Brythonic word where "crom" means bent or curved and "llech" which means slab or flagstones. - Literary it is a circle of standing stones.  **Stonehenge** - A group of stones arranged in concentric circles, with a large external circle of triliths (Greek word meaning three stones), two internal circles built in a similar manner and altar-shape stone in the center. - It is a temple where rituals were held. **EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE** - This architectural style was developed during the pre-dynastic period 4,000 BC. **Pyramids of Giza** - It is the most substantial ancient structure of the world - These pyramids were made highly confusing and with many tunnels to create confusion for grave rubbers. - Egyptian Temples were built to serve as places of residence for the gods. - Ancient temples were made of perishables materials like wood, reed matting and mud brick. - Pharaoh fighting in the battles and performing rituals with the gods were the scenes found on the walls. **Mastaba** - It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides. It was made of mud-bricks or stone.  **Pyramid of Giza Mastaba** **GREEK ARCHITECTURE** - Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an aisle surrounded by rows and columns. - These buildings were designed in one of the three architectural styles. **Three architectural Style or orders:**  **The Parthenon (447-432 BC, Athens)** **ROMAN ARCHITECTURE** - They built sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate their glory. - The emperors erected huge halls and arenas for public games, baths and procession. - They built them of gigantic arches of stone, bricks and concrete or with barrel vaults. **The Colosseum** AD 70-82, Rome **BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE** - It has a lot in common with the early Christian architecture. - Mosaic decoration was perfected by the Byzantines.  **Hagia Sophia** - Instanbul, 537 BC - Hagia Sophia means "Holy Wisdom" - It narrates how a magnificent construction transformed from being a church, into a mosque and what is now known as the Hagia Sophia Museum. - One of the biggest domes ever created with 108 feet in diameter and because of its grand size it can still be seen from miles away. **ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE** - The doorways of Romanesque's churches are often grand sculptured portals. Wood or metal door are surrounded by elaborate stone sculpture arranged in zones to fir architectural elements. **The groin-vaulted crypt of Worcester Cathedral** **GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE** - This design included two new devices: pointed arch which enabled builders to construct much higher ceiling vaults and stone vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs supported by piers and clustered pillars. **Cathedral of Chartres** - 1145 -- 1260 - Has rich architecture and design - Splendid stained glass windows - Thousands of sculptured figures **Parent's/Guardian Signature:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**