Brief Concept of Rasayana PDF

wjpmr, 2022,8(2), 213-219 SJIF Impact Factor: 5.922 Review Article Diksha et al. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICA...

wjpmr, 2022,8(2), 213-219 SJIF Impact Factor: 5.922 Review Article Diksha et al. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN 2455-3301 www.wjpmr.com Wjpmr BRIEF CONCEPT OF RASAYANA *1Dr. Diksha Sharma, 2Dr. Preeti, 3Dr. Arpita Sharma and 4Dr. Riyanka Kumari 1,2,3 M.D. (Ayu.), P.G. Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, R.G.G.P.G. Ayurvedic College, Paprola. 4 M.D. (Ayu.), P.G. Department of Swasthavritta, R.G.G.P.G. Ayu. College, Paprola. *Corresponding Author: Dr. Diksha Sharma M.D. Ayu. P.G. Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, R.G.G.P.G. Ayurvedic College, Paprola. Article Received on 21/12/2021 Article Revised on 11/01/2022 Article Accepted on 31/01/2022 ABSTRACT Ayurveda is the science of life through which a prolonged, happy and healthy life can be attained. The main aim of this ancient holistic science is to maintain the health of a healthy individual and to alleviate disorders of the diseased. Two fold aim of Ayurveda can be furnished through the special branch Rasayana. Rasayana Chikitsa has importance from both preventive and curative aspect of the disease. To achieve healthy and longevity in life, there are various types of Rasayana described in Ayurveda. The Rasayana therapy has to be practiced with a number of prerequisites such as Vaya (age), Prakriti (constitution), Satamya (adaptability), and the status of the Doshas, Dhatus, Agni, Ojas, Strotas and others. The Rasayana therapy has principal object to promote rejuvenation, retard ageing process, defend body from various diseases, regulate metabolism and provide physical and mental strength. KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Rasayana, Dhatus, Rejuvenation. INTRODUCTION Etymology The term „Rasayana’ is composed of two words- “Rasa” Ayurveda is not only the oldest system of medicine, but + “Ayana” also it is claimed to be the first systematic science ever evolved throughout the world. It is the science of life The word „Rasa’ is formed from ‘Rasa Gatuo’ Dhatu, through which a prolonged, happy and healthy life can which literally means „one who moves day and night‟. be attained. It has been serving to remove sufferings and miseries of the mankind since time immemorial. It The word „Ayana’ means pathway, movement, road, prolongs life span, maintains positive health and cures place, site etc. diseases. The main aim of this ancient holistic science is to maintain the health of a healthy individual and to The term „Rasa’ has various meanings in different alleviate disorders of the diseased. Two fold aim of contexts such as taste (Svade tiktado), liquid (Drave), Ayurveda can be furnished through the special branch water (Ambu), mercury (Parada), first Dhatu of the body Rasayana. There has been the desire of mankind to lead (Dehadhatva) etc. Although in the context of Rasayana, a disease free life to its fullest extent. Rasayana is the the best suited meaning of “Rasa” is the essence of only means to accomplish it. In fact, Rasayana is one of Ahara Rasa, and this „Ahara Rasa’ is known to the the eight branches of Ayurveda. Rasayana Chikitsa has premier nutrition of the body tissues hence it is counted importance from both preventive and curative aspect of as a precursor of all tissues. the disease. So „Rasa’ means „nutrition‟ and „Ayana’ means Rasayana is the branch of Ayurveda which is related „microcellular channels‟ and hence „Rasayana’ with the protection of health and longevity. The word essentially means nutrition at microcellular level. „Rasayana’ is composed of two words – Rasa and Ayana. From the literary meaning of Rasa and Ayana, it Definition of Rasayana can be drawn that Rasayana is a regimen or the  The means by which one gets the excellence of Rasa substance with the help of which one can attain, Dhatu (the nourishing fluid which is produced metabolize and channelize the better quality of Rasa immediately after the digestion) and other Dhatus is Dhatu and other Dhatus up to the smallest unit of the known as Rasayana. body. By doing so, one can live long, healthy life free  Rasayana Tantra is the branch which deals with from ailments, attain physical and mental strength, delaying of ageing process, increasing of intellect retards the process of ageing and there will be longer life and strength, prolongation of life and curing of expectancy. disorders. www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 2, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 213 Diksha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research  According to Sharangadhara Samhita, Rasayana is c) Shrikamya - Promotes complexion and luster. a measure which delays ageing, prevent diseases and 2. Naimittika Rasayana- This Rasayana is used in the thus maintain the positive health. treatment of various disorders as it hastens the recovery from prevailing diseases. Thus Naimittika Classification of Rasayana Rasayana is nothing but Rasayana specific to To achieve healthy and longevity in life, there are diseases. various types of Rasayana therapy described in Ayurveda which is as follows Some important Namittika Rasayana are  On the basis of mode of administration  Vata Vyadhi – Rasona, Gugglu, Vacha In Charaka Samhita, Rasayana is classified into two  Prameha – Shilajatu, Amalaki, Haridra types  Pandu – Amalaki, Lauha 1. Kutipraveshika Rasayana - The Rasayana is  Urinary Disorder – Gokshura, Punarnava, Shilajatu administrated to the individual when he is staying in a specially built room (Trigarbha Kuti) where he has 3. Aajasrik Rasayana – It is the use of food substance to follow a strict regimen. Before administration of on regular basis for body nourishment. This Rasayana, his body is purified first by Panchkarma Rasayana promotes immunity and prevents the and then he is subjected to Rasayana sevana. nutritional disorders. e.g. Cow‟s milk, Ghee, Honey 2. Vatatapika – The Rasayana can be administrated etc. even if individual is exposed to external  On the basis of Dravya- Rasayana is classified into environment (Vata and Atapa). This treatment is 2 types. especially suitable for those who cannot stay in Kuti 1. Dravyabhuta Rasayana – Dravya means for a long time. substances. The Rasayana therapy where various  On the basis of mode of action- Rasayana is herbs, minerals and foods are used is known as further classified into two types Dravyabhuta Rasayana therapy. 1. Samshodhana Rasayana – It rejuvenates body by 2. Adravyabhuta Rasayana – Adravya consequently expelling the aggravated Doshas. means that where no substance is used, hence when 2. Samshamana Rasayana – It rejuvenates body by modalities like good behavior, meditation etc. are pacifying the accumulated Doshas. used. This is also known as Achara Rasayana.  On the basis of Utility – Rasayana is classified into  On the basis of drug, diet and lifestyle- It is 3 types. further divided into 3 types – 1. Kamya Rasayana - Kamya means fulfillment of 1. Aushadha Rasayana – Based on drugs and herbs „desire‟. Hence Kamya Rasayana are those which 2. Ahara Rasayana – Based on diet and nutrition are used to serve a special purpose in life. It is 3. Achara Rasayana – Based on conduct, behavior and further sub-divided into various types – lifestyle. a) Prankamya - Promotes vitality and longevity. b) Medhakamya – Promotes intelligence and memory.  Rasayana Drugs according to Dehaprakriti Table 1: Showing Rasayana drugs according to Dehaprakriti. S. No. Prakriti Rasayana Dravya 1. Vaata Pradhana Bala, Vacha 2. Pitta Pradhana Amalaki, Shatavari, Ghrita 3. Kapha Pradhana Bhallataka, Rasona, Gugglu, Pipalli  Rasayana Drugs affecting Sapta Dhatus Table 2: Showing Rasayana drugs according to Sapta Dhatus. S. No. Dhatu Rasayana Drug 1. Rasa Kashmari, Kharjura, Draksha 2. Rakta Lauha, Amalaki, Bhringaraja 3. Mamsa Ashwagandha, Bala, Nagabala 4. Meda Amrita, Haritaki, Guggulu 5. Asthi Vanshalochana, Laksha 6. Majja Lauha, Vasa 7. Shukra Vajikarna drugs Rasayana for Different Stages of Life stage of life, and hence during every stage of life all According to Sharagdhara Samhita, all of us tend to persons must take Rasayana to protect these qualities. loose certain characters and qualities of life during each www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 2, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 214 Diksha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research Table 3: Showing Rasayana drugs according to the age group. Age Group Name of declining attribute Suitable Rasayana 1 – 10 Balya – Children Vacha, Swarna 11 – 20 Vriddhi – Growth Ashwangadha, Bala 21 – 30 Chhavi – Complexion Lauha, Amalaki 31 – 40 Medha – Intelligence Jyotishmati, Shankhpuspi 41 – 50 Twaka – Skin Bhringaraja, Priyala 51 – 60 Drishti – Eye sight Triphala, Lauha 61 – 70 Shukra – Sexual capacity Atmagupta. Vajikarana drugs 71 – 80 Vikrama – Courage Drugs may not be effective 81 – 90 Buddhi – Intelligence Drugs may not be effective 91 – above Karmendriya – Motor organs Drugs may not be effective Practice of Rasayana Therapy Age for Rasayana Administration- The Rasayana therapy has to be practiced with a number Rasayana therapy is indicated either in young age (Purva of prerequisites such as Vaya (age), Prakriti Vaya i.e. 16 to 30 years) or middle age (Madhyam Vaya (constitution), Satamya (adaptability), and the status of i.e. 30 to 60 years). the Doshas, Dhatus, Agni, Ojas, Strotas etc. Apart from the economical conditions, Satva, type of disease, Bala Balyavastha has not been chosen for Rasayana because of a person should also be kept in mind. Samshodhana it is the time when the growth of body occurs naturally Karma has been advocated as an important preparatory and the whole energy is attended towards the growth of measure before administration of Rasayana therapy. Just the body. In Vriddhavastha, it may not be useful when as dyeing a dirty cloth does not make the color shine aging process has under gone irreversible changes. So bright, Rasayana therapy is unsuitable/unbeneficial to Madhyamavastha is the best time to attain the maximum him who has not undergone purificatory therapies before benefits of Rasayana therapy. Rasayana.14 It helps in elimination of Doshas leading to proper purification of the body at the cellular level. At Contraindications for Rasayana Therapy this level, absorption and metabolism is improved which Acharya Sushruta has said that Rasayana therapy is leads to faster and optimum action of the drugs on the contraindicated to following seven types of people. body. 1. Anatmavana (Intemperate) 2. Alasi (Lazy) Rasayana therapy may be used in both types of persons 3. Daridra (Poor) i.e. as a mean to improve health and vigor in healthy 4. Pramadi (Unwise) (Kamya Rasayana) or it may be used as an adjunct to the 5. Vyasani (Addict) specific medical treatment of a particular disease 6. Paapkruta (Sinful) (Naimittika Rasayana). The latter is not the specific 7. Bheshajapmani (who do not trust on medication) treatment for a disease but is a specific Rasayana suitable for a particular diseased person. Also the Beneficial effect of Rasayana is not perceived due to the pharmacological properties of the Rasayana like Rasa, following seven reasons. Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Prabhava should also be taken into  Lack of knowledge consideration as all these factors influence the effect of  Non commencement of the treatment any substance in the body. Hence it is important to  Instability of the mind consider them before administering Rasayana.  Poverty  Dependence Indications for Rasayana  Wrong deeds Rasayana drugs can be administrated in two ways i.e. by  Inability to secure the genuine drug Kutipraveshika and Vatatapika method. Everyone can use Vatatapika method of Rasayana administration but Benefits of Rasayana Therapy specific indications are mentioned for Kutipraveshika In Charaka Samhita, following benefits of Rasayana Rasayana. Person with the following qualities should be therapy are mentioned. considered fit for using Kutipraveshika Rasayana.  Promotes longevity of life  Capable of bearing all the expenses of the treatment  Improved mental and intellectual competence  Free from diseases  Provides immunity against diseases resulting in  Determined mind positive health  Good self-control  Delays ageing process by preserving youthfulness  Enough free time to undergo the therapy properly.  Improvement in the complexion and luster of the skin  Enrichment in Swara (voice) www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 2, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 215 Diksha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research  Optimization of strength of body and Indriyas  Proper, accurate balanced and premium production (motor and sense organs) of all the Sharira Dhatus (From Rasa Dhatu to the  Command over speech Shukra Dhatu)  Attaining humbleness and politeness  Excellence of body glow Effect of Rasayana Table 4: Showing the comparison of the effect of Rasayana given in the Brihattrayee. Effect of Rasayana Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita A.H. Arogya + - + Dheerghayu + + + Tarunyavaya + + + Samriti + - + Medha + - + Prabha + - + Varna + - + Swara + - + Dehabala + + + Indriyabala + - + Vaksiddhi + - + Pranati + - + Kanti + + + Virya - + - Odarya - + - Vristyata - - + Dose of Rasayana therapy but is a specialized procedure practiced in the Generally dose is not specified for Rasayana, as it varies form of rejuvenation recipes, dietary regimen and special from person to person according to their Agni. It is health promoting conduct and behaviour. The Rasayana mentioned that Rasayana drugs should be taken in such a therapy has principal object to promote rejuvenation, dosage that it does not hamper the food consumption of retard ageing process, defend body from various the person. diseases, regulate metabolism and provide physical and mental strength. This object when analyzed clinically, Factors to Be Avoided pharmacologically and biochemically is not indicating a To attain the benefits of Rasayana, person should avoid single activity but a number of mechanisms that may diet and lifestyle as mentioned below vary from compound to compound. The possible 1. Aharaja (Dietary Factors) mechanisms by which action of Rasayana can be  Substandard diet represented in modern aspects are -  Sour, salty, pungent and alkali food. 1. Immuno-modulator action  Dry vegetables and meat. 2. Anti-oxidant effect  Germinated cereals and pulses, freshly harvested, 3. Anti-stress and adaptogenic effect unwholesome, dry, Abhisyandi, heavy, putrid and 4. Nootropic effect stale food. 5. Cyto-protective effect  Irregular food intake. 6. Anabolic effect  Food taken before the digestion of earlier consumed food. Immuno-Modulator Action A substance that modifies the immune response or the  Alcohol. functioning of the immune system e.g. by the stimulation 2. Viharaja (Lifestyle factors) of antibody formation or the inhibition of WBC activity.  Day sleep (www.merrian-webster.com)  Regular sexual intercourse  Irregular excessive exercise They are categorized into two types  Over exertion and work 1. Immuno-stimulators 3. Mansika (Psychological factors) 2. Immuno-suppressants  Excess fear, anger, grief greed and infatuation. 1. Immuno-stimulators - These drugs stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing Modern Science and Rasayana Therapy activity of any of the components. Rasayana is a science of nutrition. It provides nourishment to all the seven Dhatus. It is not only a drug www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 2, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 216  Diksha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research Further they are classified again into two types molecules of free radicals are produced, if these free a) Specific Immuno-stimulators radicals attack together, then living organism fails to b) Non-specific Immuno-stimulators exist. Thus balance is maintained between free radical a) Specific Immuno- Stimulators - These provide production and scavenging activity of enzymes. This is antigenic specificity in immune response, such as known as antioxidant defense system and enzymes are vaccines or any antigen. known as antioxidants. b) Non Specific Immuno- Stimulators - They act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment Anti-Stress and Adaptogenic Effect immune response of other antigen or stimulate The concept of „adaptogen‟ was coined in 1941 by a components of the immune system without antigenic Russian Scientist, Lazarev. He defined them as specificity such as adjuvant and non-specific substances meant to put the organism into a state of non immuno- stimulators. – specific heightened resistance in order to resist stresses and adapt to extraordinary challenges. 2. Immuno Suppressive Drugs - These drugs inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system. These Adaptogens are a group of medically effective drugs are used in immunosuppressive therapy to- substances that normalize body functions, strengthen  Prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and system and functions compromised by stress and have a tissues. (e.g. bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver) protective effect against a wide variety of environmental  Treat autoimmune diseases or diseases that are most emotional stresses. likely of autoimmune origin (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative A drug with Rasayana quality can benefit the user in two colitis etc.) distinct ways. In one hand, it can neutralize the negative  Treat some other non-autoimmune inflammatory effects of stress on physiology and restore homeostasis diseases (e.g. long term allergic asthma control). i.e. anti- stress effect and on the other hand, a long term administration of such drugs may enhance one‟s own These drugs are not free from side effects and risks tolerance levels and thus keep the person to cope up with because the majority of them act non–selectively and the stress in a better way i.e. adaptogenic effect. immune system loses its ability to successfully resist infection and spreading of malignant cells. Cytoprotective Effect In the modern science cyto-protection is explained by the Although most of the Rasayana of the Ayurveda are of action of proteins. non-specific type of immune- modulators. They usually Proteins are present in body in two different fractions:- act to strengthen the immune system as a whole  Tissue proteins increasing the quality and quantity of the components up  Plasma proteins to the level of perfection. As immune-stimulant help in the formation of healthy and potent components of It is the tissue proteins which are responsible for forming immune system and as immune-suppressant their action different tissues and thus for the building up the body. is to prevent autoimmune response and some other non- Plasma proteins constitute globulins which are autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Here, they help responsible for the body immunity. firstly by formation of healthy and absolutely normal cells in all system of the body. (e.g. connective tissue in Rasayana drugs correct Dhatuvyapara thus lead to rheumatoid arthritis) including immune system so as to production and protection of tissue proteins. Hence it is prevent misjudgment of the self as non-self and useful as responsible for building up of the body. It was well harmful and check over response (hypersensitivity etc.) known to Ayurvedic physician that the delicate cellular to a particular substance and also control the activities of machinery of the body suffers from trauma (stress) the CD4+ T cell mediated immune response which cause resulting in wear and tear of different body structure and killing of antigen containing macrophages with wide deterioration of the functional capacity of human being. stresses destruction of innocent cells too. But the For cytoprotection, procedures of revitalization and Rasayana having minerals, or other drugs are more rejuvenation were adopted to increase the power of expected for specificity in immune action. That is why resistance to disease. Hence Rasayana drugs acts as cyto- many of the Rasayana in the Rasa Chikitsa texts are protective agents. mentioned in the chapters describing specific diseases. Nootropic Effect Anti-Oxidant Effect Noos – mind and tropein – turn Antioxidant is defined as “substances” whose presence in “Acting on the mind” i.e. capable of enhancing mental relativity low concentration significantly inhibits the role functions. Nootropics (cognition enhancers) are effective of oxidation of targets. psychopharmacological agents, which are said to improve the higher integrative brain functions, such as Each cell in our body protects itself from damage by memory, learning, understanding, thinking and the producing free radicals scavengers. Everyday millions of capacity for concentration. No specific mechanism is www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 2, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 217  Diksha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research known. It is assumed that nootropics stimulate existing Rasayana appears to have been practiced as an important neural synapses to optimum performance and also for speciality aiming at rejuvenation, geriatric care, mental damaging influence, such as disturbances of the energy competence and boost immunity to possess a long and and neurotransmitter metabolism or ischemia induced healthy life. Thus it is the key for maintaining positive damage. health and longevity. During Rasayana therapy, a person must follow the Aahara, Vihara, Pathya, Apathya, Anabolic Effect Dinacharya and Ritucharya as mentioned in the classical Anabolism is defined as “the building up of complex texts of Ayurveda to attain the maximum benefits of chemical substances from smaller, simpler components”. Rasayana therapy. (Tortora G.J et.al. 80pp Tortora, at 98pp) CONCLUSION Anabolics are substances, which activate the anabolic Rasayana is a regimen or the substance with the help of metabolism. They promote the synthesis of nucleic acids which one can attain, metabolize and channelize the and protein metabolism, thereby assist in general growth. better quality of Rasa Dhatu and other Dhatus up to the smallest unit of the body. It provides nourishment to all The Brimhana effect of Rasayana agents though may not the seven Dhatus. If a person uses Rasayana according have equivalent term in the modern medical parlance, it to Ayurveda, one can live long, healthy life free from can be equated with drugs producing anabolic effect. ailments, attain physical and mental strength, retards the There is a hypothesis that Rasayana drugs shows its process of ageing and there will be longer life effect of rejuvenation by its ability to build up the worn expectancy. To attain the maximum benefits of Rasayana out tissue and replenish the nutritional deficient states. therapy, a person must follow the Aahara, Vihara, Thus Rasayana drugs may augment the formation of Pathya, Apathya, Dinacharya and Ritucharya as body tissues (Dhatuvardhaka) by supplementing the mentioned in the classical texts of Ayurveda during anabolic metabolism. Rasayana therapy. DISCUSSION REFERENCES Rasayana is a science of nutrition. It provides 1. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka nourishment to all the seven Dhatus. It is not only a drug and Dridhabala. Hindi Commentary „Vidyotani‟ by therapy but is a specialized procedure practiced in the Kasinatha Shastri and Gorakha Nath Chaturvedi, form of rejuvenation recipes, dietary regimen and special Vol- 1, Sutrasthana, Chapter 30, Verse 26, health promoting conduct and behaviour. 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