Articulatory Phonetics Lecture 2 PDF

SLP 322 Lecture 2, Dr Abdulaziz Almudhi Articulatory Phonetics Vowels: Definition: sound that is produced via open way. Serve as the centre of syllables (syllable nuclei) Can constitute...

SLP 322 Lecture 2, Dr Abdulaziz Almudhi Articulatory Phonetics Vowels: Definition: sound that is produced via open way. Serve as the centre of syllables (syllable nuclei) Can constitute syllables by themselves (e.g. a-bove) or together with one or more consonants (e.g. win) Carry the prosodic features of a syllable or a word (e.g. man) Intonation and stress are common characteristics of vowels but not of consonants Classified according to the position of the oral cavity: o tongue height (hi - mid - low) o tongue advancement (front – central - back) o lip rounding (round- unround) o tenseness (tense – lax) Diphthongs: Definition: change in the quality, no constriction The first vowel is an on-glide while the second is an off-glide When changing the diphthong to a monophthong changes the meaning, the diphthong is considered a phonemic (e.g. [sad] and [saId]) When changing the diphthong to a monophthong does not affect the meaning, the diphthong is considered a nonphonemic (e.g. [bek] and [beIk]) Consonants: Types: o Sonorants (semivowels) o Obstruens Classified according to: o Organ o Place o Manner o Voicing (voiced and devoiced) Active organ of articulation: o Lower lip (labial) [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [w] o Tip of the tongue (apical) [s], [z], [‫]ث‬, [‫]ر‬ o Lateral rims of tongue (including the apex) (coronal) [t], [d], [n], [‫]ش‬, [‫]ج‬ § Anterior portion of the tongue [s], [z] § Central portion of the tongue [‫]ي‬ § Posterior portion of the tongue [k], [g] SLP 322 Lecture 2, Dr Abdulaziz Almudhi Place of articulation: Upper lip (labial) Upper teeth (dental) Alveolar ridge (alveolar) Anterior portion of the plate (prepalatal) Central portion of the plate (mediopalatal) Soft palatal (velar) Pharynx (pharyngeal) Glottis (glottal) Manner of articulation: Stops (plosives) Fricatives Nasals Affricates Glides Laterals Rhotics Sounds in context: 1. Co-articulation and 2. assimilation: Speech consists of overlapping motor movements (e.g. [si], [su]) Co-articulation: the movement of the articulatory into position for other segments over a stretch of speech Assimilation: the result of co-articulation and it is the adaptive articulatory changes by which one speech sound becomes similar to a neighbouring sound segment Types of assimilatory processes: 1. Position of affected sounds: a. Contact (contiguous) assimilation (e.g. ‫)اﻧﺑﺎء – اﻣﺑﺎء‬ b. Remote (noncontigous) assimilation (e.g. yellow – lallow) (‫)ﻛﺗﺎب – ﺗﺗﺎب‬ 2. Direction of affected sounds: a. Progressive (affected from sound to the next sound) b. Regressive (affected from sound to the previous sound) (e.g. ‫)اﻧﺑﺎء – اﻣﺑﺎء‬ 3. Degree of assimilatory influence: a. Total (complete) (e.g. ‫)اﻧﺑﺎء – اﺑﺑﺎء‬ b. Partial (incomplete) (e.g. ‫)اﻧﺑﺎء – اﻣﺑﺎء‬ SLP 322 Lecture 2, Dr Abdulaziz Almudhi Syllable structures: Dividing words into syllables is more natural than dividing them into sound o Speakers of unwritten languages use syllable divisions o Pre-school children use syllabification to analyze a word A syllable is divided into: o Peak (most prominent part of the syllable). Mostly a vowel and can be a consonant (syllabics) (e.g. rum) o Onset: segments prior to the peak (e.g. rum) o Coda: segments following to the peak (e.g. rum) Closed and open syllables o A child’s first syllables are open (e.g. /mi/ for /milk/) o Syllable with no coda = open syllables o Syllable with coda = closed syllables Syllable production can be affected by three functions: o The number of syllables pre word o The type of syllables (open or closed) o The degree of syllable stress (stressed or unstressed) Syllable structure is neglected in most articulation tests (especially in multi-syllabic words) (‫)ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌﻣول ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯾﺎدة‬ Diacritics: Marks added to the sound transcription symbols in order to give a particular phonetic value. Phonetic transcription and diacritics: The important of phonetic transcription: 1. Describe how speech is pronounced 2. Clinical tool for SLP 3. For documentation 4. Giving more details about the client Factors affect phonetic transcription: 1. Age of the client 2. Unusual vocal quality 3. Dialect used by the client 4. Intelligibility of the client 5. The position of the sound in the word