ARTA Prelims Reviewer PDF

ARTA  cover those areas of artistic creativity - embraces the visual arts, literature, Week 1 music and dance Humanities came from the...

ARTA  cover those areas of artistic creativity - embraces the visual arts, literature, Week 1 music and dance Humanities came from the Latin word  expresses aesthetic ideas by use of skill humanus meaning refined, cultured and & imagination human. DIVISION OF THE ARTS o are expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts  Visual: arts that are primarily seen, occupies space o study of the different cultural aspect of man, his frailties in life and how it can  Examples: : paintings, sculptures be improved and architectures o records man’s quest for answers to the  Auditory: heard, timed arts; exist in fundamental questions he asks about time himself and about life  Examples: music and poetry o emphasizes dignity and worthiness of  Combined/performing arts: combines man and recognizes creative visual & auditory elements expressions  Examples: drama & theatre, o aimed to shape students subjective dancing, cinema & TV, opera energies (feelings, attitudes and aspirations) PURPOSES OF THE ARTS Importance of humanities  Create beauty  Provide decoration MAN NEEDS AN IMAGE OF HIMSELF  Reveal truth UNDERSTANDING OF HIS NATURES  Immortalize  Express religious values NECESSARY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF  Record and commemorate experience A COMPLETE, SOCIAL MAN  Create order & harmony PROVIDES MAN WITH A MEASURE OF HIS OWN PASSION & DESIRE WEEK 2 REGULATE MAN’S BEHAVIOUR Basic Assumptions of the Art Art has been created by all people at all times, ETYMOLOGY OF ART in all countries and it lives because its well-liked ART comes from the Aryan root word AR which and enjoyed means to put together o Art involves experience; there can never be  Latin word ARS which means appreciation of art without experience. skills/ability o Art is not nature; Nature is not art. o Art is made by man; o Art is everywhere. o Art is man’s oldest means of expression; o Art as a means of expression & PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS communication o According to experts, these paintings were purported to belong to Upper Paleolithic Age, several thousands of “The humanities constitute one of the oldest years before the current era. Pre- and most important means of expression historic men, with their crude developed by man”. Human history has instruments, already showcased and witnessed how man evolved not just physically manifested earliest attempts at but also culturally, from cave painters to men of recording man’s innermost interests, exquisite paintbrush users of the present. Even preoccupations, and thoughts. if one goes back to the time before written records of man’s civilization has appeared, he o The humanities, then, ironically, have can find cases of man’s attempts of not just started even before the term has been crafting tools to live and survive but also coined. Human persons have long been expressing his feelings and thoughts. The exercising what it means to be a human Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of long before he was even aware of his Altamira, Spain is one such example. In 1879, a being one. The humanities stand tall in Spaniard and his daughter were exploring a bearing witness to this magnificent cave when they saw pictures of a wild boar, phenomenon. Any human person, then, hind, and bison. is tasked to participate, if not, totally  partake in this long tradition of artwork, we have to sense it, see and hear it. humanizing himself. – A painter cannot claim to know how to BASIC ASSUMPTIONS O F THE ART paint if he has not tried holding a brush. – A sculptor cannot produce a work of art if a  ART IS UNIVERSAL chisel is foreign to him. “An art is not good because it is old, but old – Art depends on experience and one is to because it is good” (Dudley et al.,1960) know art, he must know it not as a fact or information but as experience – In the Philippines, the works of Jose Rizal – Art is present in every part of the globe and and Francisco Balagtas are not being read in every period of time. because they are old. – Art not being nature, not even attempting – Florante and laura never fails to teach to simply mirror nature, is the second highschool students the beauty of love, one assumption about art. that is universal and pure. – Without experience, there si no art – Ibong adarna, another Filipino masterpiece, – Art involves experience because it draws has always caotured the imagination of the from the artist's personal emotions and life young with its timeless lessons. events. It reflects how they see and feel – Art is ageless and timeless because it about the world. Viewers also connect with captures emotions and ideas. It goes art through their own experiences, making beyond specific times and events, allowing it meaningful. people to connect with it regardless of time or place. Art preserves human expression, making it relevant and WEEK 3 meaningful throughout the ages. POPULAR ART EXPRESSIONS  ART IS NOT NATURE  VISUAL ARTS – Art is man’s expression of his reception of Is the kind of art form that the nature. population is most likely more exposed – Art can be considered opposites. What we to, but its variations are so diverse they find in nature should not be expected to be range from sculptures that you see in in art too. art galleries to the last movie you saw. – Art is not nature because it is a human Some mediums of visual arts include creation, whereas nature exists paintings, drawings, lettering, printing, independently. It requires imagination, skill, sculptures, digital imaging, and more. and intention, while nature remains  FILM organic. Film refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in  ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE order to create an illusion of – A work of an art then cannot be abstracted movement, Filmmaking focuses on its from actual doing. In order to know what an aesthetic, cultural, and social value and  is considered as both an art and an  Theater industry. Theater uses live performers to present  Performance Art accounts or imaginary events before a live Performance art is a live art and the audience. Theater art performance artist’s medium is mainly the human usually follows a script, though they body which he or she uses to perform, should not be confused with literary arts. but also employs other kind of art such  Applied Arts as visual art, props, or sound. Applied arts incorporate elements of style  Poetry Performance and design to everyday items with the Poetry is an art form where the artist aim of increasing their aesthetical value. expresses his emotions not by using Artists in this field bring beauty, charm, paint, charcoal, or camera, but and comfort into many things that are expresses them through words. useful in everyday life.  Architecture The art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures. It is often referred to as the “mother of the arts” because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art. Materials used include stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and plaster.  Dance Dance is series of movements that THE FUNCTIONS OF ART follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. A. AS A THERAPY Dance (French dancier) generally refers to human movement either used as a In its therapeutic function, art can be and form of expression or presented in a is used as therapy for individuals with a social, spiritual or performance setting. variety of illnesses, both physical and Choreography is the art of making mental. dances, and the person who does this is B. ART AS ARTIFACT called a choreographer.  Literary Art Art also functions as an artifact: A product Literary art goes beyond the usual of a particular time and place, an artwork professional, academic, journalistic, and represents the ideas and technology of other technical form of writing. It focuses that specific time and place. As we look on writing using a unique style, not back over history, we find in art striking, following a specific form or norm. It may and in some cases, the only, tangible include both fiction and non-fiction such records of some peoples. The insights we as novels, biographies and poems. gain into cultures, including our own are  enhanced tremendously by such artifacts Art as a Representation as paintings, sculptures, poems, plays, Art as a Disinterested Judgement and buildings. Art as a Communication of Emotion C. PERSONAL FUNCTION OF ART The personal functions of art are varied WEEK 4 and highly subjective. This means that its function depend on the person- the artist SUBJECT AND CONTENT who created the art.  Subject refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from D. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ART examining the artwork. Art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a particular TYPES OF SUBJECT collective interest as opposed to a o Representational Art - These types personal interest. Political art is a very of art have subjects that refer to common example of an art with a social object or events occurring in the function. Art may convey message of real world. Often, it is also termed protest, contestation, or whatever figurative art, because as the name message the artist intends his work to suggest, the figures depicted are carry. easy to makes out and decipher. E. PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF ART Example: Monalisa o Non-Representational Art - This art The physical functions of art are the does not make a reference to the easiest to spot and understand. The real world, whether it is a person, physical functions of art can be found in place, thing, or even a particular artworks that are crafted in order to serve event. It is stripped down to visual some physical purpose. elements such as shapes, lines, emotion, and even concept. F. Other Functions of Art Example: Jackson Pollock, detail of Music as an art is also interesting to talk “Number 1A” about in relation to function. Music in its original form was principally functional. Music was used for dance and religion. Unlike today, when one can just listen to music for the sake of music’s sake, the ancient world saw music only as an instrument to facilities worship and invocation to gods. Music also was essential to dance because music assures synchronicity among dancers.  Sources of Subject o Nature Content in Art o History o Greek and Roman Mythology Levels of meaning o Sacred Oriental Texts o Factual pertains to the most o Other works of art rudimentary level of meaning for it may o Judeo – Christian Tradition be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one another. o Conventional meaning, on the other hand, pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. These conventions are established through time, strengthened by recurrent use and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and scholars who study then. o When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meaning may arise when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem from the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come into play when engaging with art. Kinds of Subject Subjective o History o Still Life o Landscape o Cityscape o Seascape o Animals o Figures o Mythology o Nature o Myth “Creation of Adam” by Michelangelo at Sistine o Dreams Chapel. o Fantasies  Content is the meaning that is  always has direction, always moving. communicated by the artist or the artwork  as used in any work of art, may either be straight or curved. Week 5  Lines are the first element of art and Visual Elements are continuous marks that are made on any surface with a moving point. The Elements of Visual Arts  Lines can be used in various ways to  The elements of art are the visual create different compositions. components which are required to create a work of art.  A line can be used to express various  Knowing the basics of the elements of visual things or feelings; it can be used to art can help any artist to create a well- show various moods or anything balanced and beautiful designs abstract.  To develop a more thorough understanding of artistic composition, one must learn how  serves as an essential building block of to examine and utilize the various art art, but it can also serve as the content elements. itself of a work of art, or be manipulated to evoke an emotional or intellectual response from a viewer  LINE (Fichner-Rathus, 2010). Line is a mark on a surface that describes a shape or outline. It can What do these lines suggest? create texture and can be thick and  Vertical Lines - are poised for action. thin. Types of line can include actual, They are poised, balanced, forceful, and implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal dynamic. They express an impression of and contour line. dignity. Only vertical lines can be used to express an orderly feeling..  is an important element at the disposal of every artist.   Curved lines - sometimes referred as S curves, suggest gracefulness or sexiness.  Horizontal Lines - are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and quiescence. Only horizontal lines can give a feeling of peacefulness and stillness. *If you want to photograph S curves, the human body makes for a wonderful subject. From the arch of a foot to the curve of a neck, you can find many ways to capture curved leading lines by photographing the human form. It is up to the artist how he conveys his message, in the best way possible through the use of lines *  Diagonal lines - are used to create feelings of movement or action SIARGAO: The Surfing Capital of the Philippines *There are various ways to integrate lines into a photograph to help strengthen the overall composition and draw attention to a specific focal point.*  When using vertical lines within a This photo uses both horizontal and photo, it’s a good idea to follow the rule of vertical lines. Although the bulrushes are the thirds, failure to do so can result in a photo obvious use of vertical lines, the horizontal line looking as though it’s been cut in half. It is also of the horizon is more subtle. Note, too, that important to try to keep the vertical line as the photo has been composed so the landscape straight as possible. Vertical leading lines can follows the rule of thirds. help to illustrate growth, authority, strength, or dominance. Some examples of vertical leading lines in photography include photographs of trees or tall buildings. Curved lines, sometimes referred as S curves, can help lead the eye through a photo and can suggest gracefulness, sexiness, or sensuality. Despite the name, S curves don’t When composing your photo to include need to be shaped exactly like an “s.” Any horizontal leading lines, make sure they’re as strong leading line that winds or curves can be straight as possible and consider following the considered an S curve. Some curved leading rule of thirds. This photo, for example, places lines often used in photography include paths the land and horizon along the bottom third of and rivers. the image, while the sky fills the top two-thirds of the shot. Further, the photo was composed so the bride and groom are along the left-third of the image.  Three Main Types of Lines  Repetition occurs when two or more lines are drawn within a corner following the lines of the corner. When including diagonal leading lines within a photo, it’s best if you can position them so that they start and finish just above or below the corner of a photo, like the railroad tracks shown here. This will prevent the image from looking like it has been split in half. Because our eyes naturally scan photos from left to right, composing an image to include diagonal leading lines that flow from the bottom left to the top  Lines that are in opposition to each right of a photo is also a great way to compose other form a contrast. a shot.  A transition line is a line that connects The body of this acoustic guitar is a two workflow elements. Transition lines great example of S curves. Note the use of allow you to define what the next step other leading lines in this photo too – the in a workflow will be diagonal lines of the guitar strings, and the horizontal lines of the sheet of music in the background. To summarize, including leading lines within a photograph is a composition technique that can strongly influence the overall result of an image. Leading lines can direct a person’s eye to a main focal point or, if used incorrectly, can draw the eye away from the subject or appear to cut a photo in half. The Art Element of Color Color Attributes of Color  refers to the visual perception of light  Hue is the term for the pure spectrum being reflected from a surface of an colors commonly referred to by the artwork. "color names" - red, orange, yellow,  In the most basic classification, colors blue, green violet - which appear in the can be divided into three groups: hue circle or rainbow. Theoretically all primary, secondary and tertiary. hues can be mixed from three basic hues, known as primaries.  Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is the quality which depends on the amount of light and dark in color.   Tints are values above the normal  Light pink express sympathy, grace and  Shades are values below the normal. gentility  Intensity refers to the brightness or  Red roses also mean courage and darkness of color. It gives color fortitude strength. When a hue is vivid form, it is  Yellow roses stand for freedom said to be in full intensity. When it is  Red and Yellow stand for jovial /happy dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized. feelings  Orange roses speak of enthusiasm and Color Wheel desire  A color wheel is an abstract illustrative  Red and White convey unity organization of color hues around a circle, that shows relationships between primary, secondary, and TEXTURE tertiary colors, etc.  is the element that deals more directly Psychology of Colors with the sense of touch  applies to how an object feels or Colors have varied psychological and appears to feel. emotional connotations.  can be either implied or actual. – Black is associated with death and  It has to do with the characteristics of gloom surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or – White stands for purity and irregular. innocence – Red is associated with blood, anger Implied texture expresses the idea of and fear how a surface might feel. – Green implies happiness and For example, a painting of a blanket might abundance convey the idea that the blanket is soft. Meanings of Colors Conveyed Actual texture, on the other hand, is by the Rose texture that can actually be felt. For example, a ceramic bowl might feature  Red is for “I love you” a carved texture that could be felt when  Pink conveys “Thank you” holding that bowl.  White says “You are heavenly”  Coral speaks of desire.  White roses denote secrecy, reverence and humility.  Deep pink roses convey gratitude and appreciation. PERSPECTIVE  Aerial perspective is the representation of relative distances of objects by  deals with the effect of distance upon gradations of tone or color. the appearance of objects, by means of Objects become fainter in the which the eye judges spatial distance due to the effect of the relationships atmosphere. Objects appear to be lighter in color as they recede into the distance or atmosphere. The Art Element of Space  Space Space as an element of art, refers to distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece. Space can be positive (white or light) or negative (black or dark), open or closed, shallow or deep and two-dimensional or three- dimensional. Kinds of Perspective Sometimes space isn't actually within a piece, but the illusion of  Linear perspective is the representation it is. of an appearance of distance by means of converging lines. It has to do with the The Art Element of Space direction of lines and with the size of objects. Space refers to how the artist fills the Painters usually show the effect of surface on which a work of art is created. It can space and distance by using also refer to the expression of depth within a converging lines and diminishing work of art. size. Parallel lines below the eye level When talking about a three- seem to rise to a vanishing point in dimensional object, space is the actual volume the horizon, while those above the that is taken up by the artwork. eye level seem to descend to the  Kinds of Space vanishing point. Positive space - the areas in a Foreshortening is the work of art that are the representation of objects or parts subjects, or areas of interest. of the body as smaller from the Negative space – areas around point of view of the observer. the subjects, or areas of interest. Shape, Form, and Volume are words that are used to describe distinct areas or parts of works of art or architecture.  FORM applies to the over-all design of a work of art. It describes the structure or shape of an object. The Art Element of Form Form refers to a three-dimensional object. As such, form is an art term that is only applied to those artworks that are three-dimensional, such as sculpture and pottery. Forms, much like shapes, can be geometric or organic. Geometric forms have hard lines and edges. Organic forms are curvy and more free-form. Types of Form Form and shape can also be described as either organic or geometric. Organic forms such as these snow- covered boulders typically are irregular in outline, and often asymmetrical. Organic forms are most often thought of as naturally occurring. Geometric forms are those which correspond to named regular shapes, such as squares, rectangles, circles, cubes, spheres, cones, and other regular forms.  VOLUME Volume refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It refers to solidity or thickness. ARTIST VS. ARTISAN What is an Artisan? An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things by hand. This includes various objects ranging from jewelry to furniture. An artisan should not be confused with an artist because there is a clear difference in the things that they create. An artisan is able to produce something that has a functional value; although it should not be limited to its use value alone. What is the difference between Artist and Artisan Definitions of Artist and Artisan: Artist: An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts. Artisan: An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things by hand. Characteristics of Artist and Artisan: Artistic Value: Artist: The object has a clear artistic value. Who is an Artist? Artisan: The object has an artistic value. An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts. This captures all forms of art. Functional Value: is an art practitioner such as painter, sculptor, Artist: The object has no functional choreographer, dancer, musician, etc. who value. produces or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination. Artisan: The object has a functional value. The specialty of an artist is that he is able to create art for the sake of art itself without needing any ulterior motives.  Object: weapon-makers, among others. Here, the practice of artists was not grounded Artist: The object has a lot of aesthetic on the idea of individual capacities or value and is appreciated for this quality success ; rather, in the commitment to as it pleases the individual. work together as a collective. Artisan: The object though utilitarian Guilds were a type of social fellowship, has certain aesthetic attributes to it. an association structured with rules, customs, rights, and responsibilities. With a lifetime commitment to a Cologne Cathedral in Germany particular trade, an artisans develops immense skill and expertise in his craft. PHILIPPINE Artisans Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol. An examples of early Gothic architecture. This is also a collaboration between the artist who made the design and the Artisan who help in the construction of the whole building. Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans to carve, paint, and engrave Artisan and Guilds images for churches and public sites. These guilds where towns had formalized groups of artisans or What is an Art Curator? craftsmen who took on a particular Art curators are employed by museums and specialization or trade; shoemakers, art galleries to design, develop and manage textile and glass workers, carpenters, installations and exhibits. This requires carvers, masons, armorers, and them to acquire works of art, ensure proper  storage and help maintain museum collections. The two major awards given to artist in the Art curators typically specialize in specific Philippines are the Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of national Artist) and areas of art, like Western, Asian or contemporary art. The job duties of a Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living curator are vast. They may put on public Treasures Award). events like lectures and workshops, write The conferment of the Order of grants and conduct fundraising activities. In National Artist is the “highest national addition, they conduct research projects recognition given to Filipino individuals and write papers for publication. who have made significant contributions to the development of  Role of an Art Curator? Philippine Arts; namely, music, dance,  the role of the curator is more of the theater, visual arts, literature, film, interpretation and development of the broadcast art, and architecture and artwork(s) or the collection(s) through allied arts. The order is jointly establishing the significance, administered by the Philippines (CCP) relationship, and relevance of these and conferred by the President of the materials----in isolation and/or as part Philippines upon recommendation by of a wider narrative. Some of the roles both institutions” (NCCA, 2015). expected of curators are the ability to research and write, as an arbiter of The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) design and layout , and deciding for the or The National Living Treasures Award was display and hanging of materials foe created in 1992 exhibition. a “Manlilikha ng Bayan” who is a “citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills FILM MAKING have reached such a high level of Production Process technical and artistic excellence and (1) preproduction. have been passed on to and widely practiced by the present generation in (2) production, his/ her community with the same (3) postproduction. degree of technical and artistic competence” (NCCA,2015). This artists’ practice may fall under the following categories: folk, architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic art, ornament, textile or fiber art, pottery and other artistic expressions of traditional culture.