Principles of Art & Design PDF

ARTA-MIDTERM PRINCIPLES OF ART & DESIGN duplicated at orderly or fixed Principles of Design refer to the visual intervals. strategies used by artists, in conjunction o The easiest and most precise way to with the elements of arts – for expressive...

ARTA-MIDTERM PRINCIPLES OF ART & DESIGN duplicated at orderly or fixed Principles of Design refer to the visual intervals. strategies used by artists, in conjunction o The easiest and most precise way to with the elements of arts – for expressive create rhythm. purposes (Fichner-Rathus, 2008). o Regular repetition was a core HARMONY property of Minimalist artists, of in visual design means all parts of the visual which Flavin was one image relate to and complement each other. o Donald Judd’s sculpture in particular Harmony is the use of related elements. was based on the repetition of o This might be similar colors, shapes, simple geometric shapes mounted on sizes of objects, etc. It’s walls or set on the floor in a steady, about repetition and a relationship evenly spaced pattern. between elements. This o Minimalism. An abstract art creates a sense of connection movement begun in the 1960s that between the objects, creating a emphasizes the use of pure sense of flow. and simple shapes and materials. o Harmony is one of the most ALTERNATING RHYTHM important aspects when it comes o a type of rhythm in which different to principles of art elements in a work repeat o Harmony is the visually satisfying themselves in predictable order effect of combining similar or related PROGRESSIVE RHYTHM elements. o Minor variations in rhythm can add RHYTHM interest to a composition o is organized movement, a beat, a o Such variations are seen in repetition. progressive rhythm, in which the o is created by repetition, and rhythm of elements of a work of art repetitive patterns convey a sense of such as shape, texture, or color movement. change slightly as they move, or o in the visual arts, the viewer progress toward a defined point in perceives rhythm by the composition grouping elements such as color, line BALANCE and shape o Balance is the concept of visual o Rhythm is often the use of regular, equilibrium, and relates to our evenly distributed elements –they physical sense of balance. It is a could occur in slow, fast, smooth or reconciliation of opposing forces in jerky intervals, and this tells you a composition that results in visual something about the feelings stability. invoked. o Most successful compositions Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move achieve balance in easily from one part of the room to another one of two ways: symmetrically or or from one part of a design to another asymmetrically (Sanchez, et al., 2009) SYMMETRICAL BALANCE REGULAR REPETITION o the type of balance in which the o A means of creating rhythm in elements of a work are balanced by which elements of a composition are similarity of form or arrangement on either side of a dividing line or ARTA-MIDTERM plane, or to correspondence of parts, in “street clothes,” who is as in size, shape, or position seated apart in the lower right ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE and looks beyond the edge of o the type of balance in which there the canvas are more than slight differences Sa picture meron group of people between the divided areas of a work, then meron naka-hiwalay na isa yet there is an overall sense of sa people then yong naka- balance. hiwalay na yun mas nag focus o Symmetrical balance can be ang eyes natin don sa person na described as having equal "weight" on yun. equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It may also be referred to as formal balance. Unity is a powerful concept. o When the elements are arranged In art, unity implies harmony. It equally on either side of a central axis, the suggests that the parts of a result is Bilateral symmetry. This axis may composition are there by be horizontal or vertical. It is also possible happenstance; rather, they fit to build formal balance by arranging together to form a meaningful whole elements equally around a central point, (Fichner-Rathus, 2008). resulting in radial symmetry. o Balance in a three dimensional o Not to be confused with harmony, object is easy to understand; if balance isn't unity is the overall achieved, the object tips over. cohesion of the work. o To understand balance in a two o You might achieve this through any dimensional composition, we must use our kind of grouping of imaginations to carry this three- objects. dimensional analogy forward to the flat o Any kind of similarity will help to surface. strengthen the sense EMPHASIS of unity you feel when looking at a Emphasis is an extension of these first two series of objects principles: it is when contrast, placement, VARIETY size, color, or other features are used to o Unity is powerful, but, as the British highlight one object, area, or other writer Aphra Behn said, “Variety elements of the artwork. This is used to is the soul of pleasure.” Without draw attention – a focal point – or variety, life would comprise a bland accentuate a feature. sameness, a cookie-cutter existence EMPHASIS BY DIRECTIONAL LINES from which we all shrink. Variety in This is the lines that lead the eye to a focal art, as in life, is seductive. It point. demands our attention, turns the EMPHASIS BY ISOLATION predictable on edge (Fichner-Rathus, o Here a group of performers is found 2008). standing silently within a barren o Variety is a sense of the difference landscape. Even though there are between elements of an artwork – many of them and they are dressed the opposite of unity, or harmony. in their costumes, they are less likely to draw the viewer’s eye than the delicately rendered woman ARTA-MIDTERM PROPORTION Movement o Proportion is the size of objects o This indicates the direction your eye in relation to each other, or takes as you view the work – in what within a larger whole. order does your eye travel? If o Proportion refers to the relative the emphasis is used, this often size and scale of the various means you start with this element elements in a design. The issue is first and travel away from it. the relationship o The movement inherent in the image between objects, or parts, of a is important, as it tells you a story whole. This means that it is through the use of lines necessary to discuss proportion in (whether they are literal or implied) terms of the context or standard SCALE used to determine proportions. o It might sound similar to CONTRAST proportion, but they differ o Contrast is the disparity between slightly: scale is about the size of the elements that figure into the objects but in relation to what composition. One object may be you’d expect them to be in made stronger compared to other reality. objects (hence, emphasis). This o If an object occurs in a natural can be done in many ways using scale, then the object is the size the elements of art. For instance, we would expect to find it. specifically, the use of negative o Diminutive refers to an object and positive space, is an example being smaller than expected, and of contrast. Another example is monumental is when the object is the use complementary colors in much larger a work art. ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION o Variety is a sense of the o STONE AGE – Is a term used to difference between elements of describe a period of history when an artwork – the opposite of stones were used to make tools for unity, or harmony. survival. o Variety adds a sense of chaos to a o The term conjures an work, and this is often used to image of men and women highlight certain powerful dressed in skin, huddling emotions. before a fire in a cave. Harmony o Stone Age roughly span o This might be similar colors, shapes, the 14,000-2,000 BCE. sizes of objects, etc. It’s about THREE PERIODS OF STONE AGE repetition and a relationship between o PALEOLITHIC – the elements. This creates a sense of late years of the old Stone Age. connection between the objects, o MESOLITHIC – Middle Stone creating a sense of flow. Age. o Harmony is one of the most o NEOLITHIC – New Stone Age. important aspects when it comes to In unearthing of archeological principles of art artifacts and remains provides modern society a glimpse of the beliefs, practices, and ARTA-MIDTERM activities of early civilization. o HALLS OF BULLS: FOUND IN The motives and reasons behind THE CAVE IN LASCAUZ, the creation of ancient materials FRANCE such as sculptures, painting, and o MESOLITHIC ART architectural structures may not The “Venus of Willendorf.” be clearly defined. Nevertheless, This figure is a highly abstracted woman the early people produced such From highlighted body parts associated material that reflect their attitudes with fertility. and belief system on spiritual, o The representation may show the social, political, and economic importance of taking care of these matters body parts for procreation and As the early humans started to consequently the survival of species. transition from being nomads to NEOLITHIC ART STONEHENGE IN permanent settlers, their everyday ENGLAND activities also had some changes, The purpose of this fascinating edifice which is evident through the remains a mystery up to this day age. Some materials and even the works of regard it as a temple while others see it as art they have created. Despite complex calendar the tracked the changes as a result of adapting to movements of both the Sun and Moon. their environment, there are Others ascribe some magical element to it central themes in their artworks. by associating it with Merlin the Magician Most ancient artworks depict from King Arthurs’s story. religious symbols, a wide array EGYPTIAN ART of organisms from nature and The Egyptian civilization can be divided activities of everyday life. into three periods: Old, Middle, and New PREHISTORIC ART Kingdom. Looking at the three periods, it o The Stone Age has witnessed how can be noticed that for the Egyptians, art humans were able to lead more should be something religious and stable lives and eventually come up spiritual. There may have been differences with permanent shelters and tools in the techniques used and style for survival. To complement this emphasized, but there are common stability and sense of Permanence, denominators among the artworks created early humans also turned to the during their respective time periods Creation of paintings and NARMER PALETTE sculptures that depict humans, It was a palette that utilized and applied animals, and their natural habitats. dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes. o Paleolithic Art is a product of The palette was also a symbol that climate change. As the climate got commemorates the unification of Upper colder, part of the early humans’ and Lower Egypt. instinct is to look for shelters that THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA would provide them will warmth. During the old Kingdom, one of the Caves became protective havens for Architectural wonders was also the early humans and these caves constructed. The pyramids in Giza served paved the way for the birth of their as tombs since their main purpose was to first attempt to create art. provide a resting place for the pharaohs. ARTA-MIDTERM QUEEN NEFERTITI ideologist and belief systems there is emphasis to life-like features of the prevalent within there context face like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded Greek and Romans Civilizations eyes. Most artists created artworks that are where also known as Classical natural and seemingly real, highlighting World because both cultures the features of their subjects. Naturalism aimed to embody, the highest was not only used to depict the pharaoh but possible standard of quality in all also was used for members of the royal aspects of their societies. family. The bust of Queen Nefertiti has a long and sensuous neck. KING TUTANKHAMEN He became king at a very young age and died at the age of eighteen. Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They were astonished to find gold artworks and that the coffin was made out of solid gold. The body of the young king was eredred in linen and a gold mask covered his face. SUMMARY During the prehistoric period, the early humans had transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to that of more permanent one, which led to early civilizations. Some of the works discovered from this period would give modern society a glimpse of what was life like during that period. One of the early civilizations where art flourished was the Egyptian civilization. Throughout the three kingdoms all the way to the Amarna Revolution, art has been directly used particularly in religious and spiritual LAOCOON AND HIS SONS activities. Through these unearthed and Laocoon, a Trojan priest, and his sons discovered being strangled by serpents. Their position artworks, the modern world could have a was a result of locoon’s because he felt that better understanding of the the wooden horse offered by the Greeks as past and how it can affect the present. a gift to Athena was a trick. Poseidon, the ART OF EMERGING EUROPE Greek God of the sea was enlarged by such INTEGRAL PART IN EUROPEAN action which led him to send serpents HISTORY to strangle Laocoon and his sons. Ancient civilizations: The origins of theater and drama can be Greeks Romans traced back during the Greek civilization All the way to the modern times The followers of Dionysus―god of art has been use to communicate fertility – started the Greek theater. People ARTA-MIDTERM who were devoted to Dionysus would o Scriptures were done by hand dance during ceremonies while giving their o Great cathedrals were also built offerings to their god. eventually, the Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Dionysians devised a more structured form Istanbul, Turkey of drama involving dances and choral Crusader Bible, 1240 A.D. songs, which depicted Greek mythologies. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Eventually the Greeks organized theatrical These cathedrals can be categorized into contests where the performance were held two periods in front of large citizens. o Romanesque (1050-1200) o Gothic (1200-1500) ROMANESQUES o Romanesque architecture were characterized by semi-circular arches, thick stone walls, and durable construction. o Sculptures were also prevalent during this time. PERSEUS AND MEDUSA Just like the Greeks, the romans valued their gods and this was evident with their GOTHIC sculptures and artworks o Originated in the 12th century with the rebuilding of the abbey church in Saint- Denis, France o Gothic architecture offered revolutionary structural advancements such as ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and decorative pinnacles all contributing to taller, lighter building designs MIDDELE AGES- REALISM ART MIDDLE AGES ART BYZANTINE ART o Period between Roman Empire and the o Byzantine art was characterized by its Renaissance lack of realism. The artists did not try to o Characterized by ignorance and darkness make their paintings realistic but focused o Church was the central figure and on the symbolism of their art. authority of the period ARTA-MIDTERM o The subjects of the painting were almost o Artists began to reject the Byzantine style entirely religious with many paintings of religious painting and strove to create being of Christ and the virgin Mary realism in their depiction of the human form and space HIGH RENAISSANCE o Rome had displaced Florence as the principal center of Renaissance art o Da Vinci, Michenlangelo & Raphael: 3 great high renaissance masters LEONARDO’S ARTWORK o Salvator Mundi (Latin for 'Savior of the RENAISSANCE ART World') o Rebirth of naturalism o The painting depicts Jesus Christ in an o A positive willingness to learn and anachronistic blue Renaissance dress, explore making the sign of the cross with his right o Sought to capture the experience of the hand, while holding a transparent, non- individual and the beauty and mystery of refracting crystal orb in his left, signaling the natural world his role as Salvator Mundi and o Valued the “individual” as a subject of representing the 'celestial sphere' of the arts heavens. Approximately thirty copies and o Most artwork emphasized naturalism variations of the work by pupils and o Most artist also added perspective of followers of Leonardo have been depth wherein spaces were explored in identified. Two preparatory chalk and ink different artworks drawings of the drapery by Leonardo are ORIGIN OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD held in the British Royal Collection. o Born in Florence, Italy ARCHITECTURE o The term Renaissance means “rebirth” o Sensitivity towards the ancient past o The origins of Renaissance art can be o Resumption of classical orders traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th o clear articulation of plans and elevation centuries o proportion MUSIC o music based on modes o richer texture in four or more parts o blending rather that contrasting strands in the musical texture o harmony with a greater concern with the flow and progression of chords CHARACTERISTICS OF MANNERISM RENAISSANCE ART o a product of renaissance period, also 1. Realism & expression known as the late renaissance 2. Perspective o regarded as a bridge between the high 3. Classicism renaissance and the baroque period which 4. Emphasis on individualism adopted the subset’s ornate aesthetic and 5. Geometrical arrangement of figures adapted it as extravagance 6. Artists as personalities/celebrities o originated as a reaction to the EARLY RENAISSANCE harmonious classicism and the idealized ARTA-MIDTERM naturalism of high renaissance art as Sculptural forms: practiced by Leonardo da vinci, Mannerist colour: Michelangelo and raphael in the first two Clarity of line: decades of the 16th century BAROQUE AND ROCOCO o 1519 (c. 1600-1750) "LAOCOON AND HIS SONS BY Baroque comes from the Portugese word AGESANDER ATHENODOROS, AND barroco which means flawed POLYDORUS OF RHODES pearl/irregular shape. Mannerism role-model: ancient an Rococo, which relates to the French sculpture, rediscovered in 1506; now in the words, Rocaille (mussel) and Coque Vatican Museums. The artists of (seashell) is actually a divergence from the Mannerism greatly, admired this piece of previous Baroque style. sculpture Baroque style exudes a masculine energy CHARACTERISTICS and presence Rococo art has a more Exaggerated Figures demure, very beautiful, feminine aura Elaborate Decoration Baroque art is mainly Christian in subject Ornamentation matter. Paintings and sculptures depict Artificial Color biblical figures and stories with intense PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA BY accuracy. Public buildings such as JOACHIM WTEWAEL churches and other religious sanctuaries 1616, Louvre, the composition displaying utilized this style to imbue a sense of a Vanité of bones and seashells in the wonder to the structures and entice foreground and an elaborate academic followers. nude with a palette borrowing from the Rococo art focuses on secular themes and forefront for Andromeda's cheeks. The leisurely times. Paintings depict love Dragon seems of sino-oriental influence. stories, sexually charged escapades and MANNERISM classical mythology. Mannerism was an anti-classical The subjects and themes of Rococo and movement which differed greatly from the Baroque art are almost polar opposites. aesthetic ideologies of the Renaissance. Baroque art usually depicts religious Though Mannerism was initially accepted themes while the Rococo period is deeply with positivity based on the writings of rooted in secular culture. Vasari, it was later regarded in a negative BAROQUE light because it solely view as, "an Active dates: c. 1600-1750 alteration of natural truth and a trite The word "baroque" derives from the repetition of natural formulas. Portuguese and Spanish words for a large, Characteristics that Mannerist artists would irregularly-shaped pearl ("barroco" and employ in their artworks. "barrueco," respectively). Elongation of figures: Stemmed from Italian word for Composition and space: "contorted idea" Distortion of perspective: Arose mainly as a means to promote the Mannerist movement: Catholic Church during the Protestant Black backgrounds: Reformation Painted frames: Emphasizes faith in church and power in Use of darkness and light: state Atmospheric effects: Dramatic contrasts of lights and darks ARTA-MIDTERM Emotional, often religious depictions grandiose, dramatic, and energetic spirit Feelings of grandeur, awe, movement and but also for its stylistic diversity. tension is a period or style of Western classical Various contrasting textures music from approximately 1600 to 1750 All encompassing works (illusionistic) originated in Western Europe. Materials: bronzes, gildings, plaster, The Baroque period is divided into three marble, stucco major phases: early, middle, and late. Focal point in architecture: entrance axis, Overlapping in time, they are pavilion conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music" canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music" canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to. The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "misshapen pearl" During the Baroque era, professional ROCOCO musicians were expected to be 1730-18th century accomplished improvisers of both solo A style of baroque architecture and melodic lines and accompaniment parts. decorative art, from 18th century France, A characteristic Baroque form was the having elaborate ornamentation. dance suite. While the pieces in a dance Rococo, less commonly Roccoco or Late suite were inspired by actual dance music, Baroque dance suites were designed purely for It is often described as the final listening, not for accompanying dancers. expression of the Baroque movement COMPOSERS Rococo style developed first in the ΑΝΤΟΝΙΟ VIVALDI decorative arts and interior design, and its Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, (born March 4, influence later spread to architecture, 1678, Venice, Republic of Venice [Italy]- sculpture, theater design, painting, and died July 28, 1741, Vienna, Austria), music. Italian composer and violinist who left a Rococo style is characterized by decisive mark on the form of the concerto elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical and the style of late Baroque instrumental values, pastel color palette, and curved or music. serpentine lines. ARCANGELO CORELLI Rococo art works often depict themes of an Italian violinist and composer of the love, classical myths, youth, and Baroque era. His music was key in the playfulness. development of the modern genres of BAROQUE MUSIC sonata and concerto, in establishing the Baroque music, a style of music that preeminence of the violin, and as the first prevailed during the period from about coalescing of modern tonality and 1600 to about 1750, known for its functional harmony. ARTA-MIDTERM CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ANTONIO polyphony and instrumental music, and MONTEVERDI discussed such ancient Greek music an Italian composer, string player, devices as monody, which consisted of a choirmaster, and priest. A composer of solo singing accompanied by a kithara. The both secular and sacred music, and a early realizations of these ideas, including pioneer in the development of opera, he is Jacopo Peri's Dafne and L'Euridice, considered a crucial transitional figure marked the beginning of opera, which in between the Renaissance and Baroque turn was somewhat of a catalyst for periods of music history. Baroque music Other well-known Baroque composers MIDDLE BAROQUE MUSIC (1630- include Germany's Bach and Handel. They 1680) are known as two titans of the Baroque. The middle Baroque period in Italy is JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH defined by the emergence of the vocal was a German composer and musician of styles of cantata, oratorio, and opera during the late Baroque period the 1630s, and a new concept of melody (1685-1750) and harmony that elevated the status of the GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL music to one of equality with the words, (1685-1759) which formerly had been regarded as pre- a German-British Baroque composer well eminent. known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, The florid, coloratura monody of the concerti grossi, and organ concertos early Baroque gave way to a simpler, more CHARACTERISTICS polished melodic style. These melodies The Baroque period saw the creation of were built from short, cadentially delimited tonality. ideas often based on stylized dance During the period, composers and patterns drawn from the sarabande or the performers used more elaborate musical courante. ornamentation, made changes in musical LATE BAROQUE MUSIC (1680-1730) notation, and developed new instrumental Through the work of Johann Fux, the playing techniques. Renaissance style of polyphony was made Baroque music expanded the size, range, the basis for the study of composition. and complexity of instrumental A continuous worker, Handel borrowed performance, and also established opera, from others and often recycled his own cantata, oratorio, concerto, and sonata as material. He was also known for reworking musical genres pieces such as the famous Messiah, which The Baroque period is divided into three premiered in 1742, for available singers major phases: early, middle, and late. and musicians. Although they overlap in time, they are ROCOCO MUSIC conventionally dated from 1580 to 1630, Rococo style in music occupies a really from 1630 to 1680, and from 1680 to 1730 specific transition from Baroque style to Classical era. EARLY BAROQUE MUSIC (1580-1630) Rococo music has diluted the highly In reference to music, they based their complex polyphonic structures of the ideals on a perception of Classical Baroque period into a lighter, simpler yet (especially ancient Greek) musical drama very ornamented elegant style of musical that valued discourse and oration. As such, expression. they rejected their contemporaries' use of ARTA-MIDTERM Roughly landing on the decades between Neoclassicism was a movement in the 1740s -1770s rococo music took root in Europe that transpired during the late 18th France and spread throughout Europe and early 19th centuries. rapidly, to the delight of a growing class of It was the dominant art movement that ubiquitous music amateurs and time which basically aimed to revive and aficionados. rekindle the influences of Greek and It was referred to differently throughout Roman into art and architecture. Europe from Style Galant to Some historians would also say that this Empfindsamer Stil (sensitive style) in movement was a reaction to the artworks Germany. produced during the Baroque period. ROCOCO COMPOSERS There was a call to veer away from such Johann Christian Bach and Carl Philip extravagance in terms of style and form of Emanuel Bach, two sons of the titan of the Baroque Period. Baroque Music The ancient Greeks and Europeans had Johann Sebastian Bach were at the placed emphasis on human reason and forefront of this stylistic revolution against keeping society in order. These very the density and complexity of the Baroque principle were also the dominant principles period composing style in Germany. during the Enlightenment Period. In France Style Galant was championed ROMANTICISM by Jean Philippe Rameau, Louis-Claude Romanticism also known as the Daquin and François Couperin Romantic era Italy the music of composer Giovanni A movement in art and literature in the Battista Sammartini was rococo eighteenth and nineteenth century. personified Strong senses, emotions, and feelings. CHARACTERISTICS Revolt against the Neoclassicism of the Rococo composers wanted to convey the previous centuries lightness of heart and simplicity of Awe of nature. emotional states, by focusing the artistic ROMANTIC ARCHITECTURE expression on a single affect, as opposed to This flow is highly aesthetic in the arts conflating multiple disparate emotional and literature so that more use of states as a counterpoint to themselves. imagination and things that are exotic Galant style in music brought forth value like taking from nature. instrumental works such as string quartets REALISM to take center stage of musical Focuses in reality entertainment, outpacing the contrapuntal Artistic movement characterized by vocal compositions of the early eighteenth subjects painted in a naturalistic manner century. from common life. New style called for instrumental music Realism rejects imaginative idealization to delight the ear with intricate in favour of a close observation of outward ornamentation, memorable melodies, and appearances. positive disposition Indeed, realism may be viewed as a Rococo art and music are remarkably major trend in French novels and paintings symbiotic as they both embody the cult of between 1850 and 1880 elegance and grace. The French proponents of realism were NEOCLASSICISM agreed in their rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Romanticism of ARTA-MIDTERM the academies and on the necessity for Albert Charpin contemporaneity in an effective work of - He was a naturalist painter art. associated with Barbizon school Observing society instead of creating - He painted real objects in a natural exotic romantic works that were out from setting. reality. - His paintings can be found in Literary realism, in particular, introduced museums and private collections in Europe a new way of writing and a new generation and America of authors whose influence can still be seen IMPRESSIONISM in American literature and English o describes a style of painting developed in literature to this day. France during the mid-to-late 19th century ELEMENTS OF LITERARY REALISM o Characterizations of the style include Realistic Characters and Setting small, visible brushstrokes that offer the Comprehensive detail about everyday bare impression of form, unblended color occurrences and an emphasis on the accurate depiction Plausible plot (story that could happen in of natural light. your town) Oscar-Claude Monet Real dialects of the area French painter and founder of Character development important impressionist painting who is seen as a key Importance in depicting class precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. NATURALISM TO FUTURISM ART Paul Cezanne - Most influential artist in the history of o NATURALISM: describes a true-to- modern painting life style which involves the - Said to have formed the bridge between representation or depiction of nature the late 19th century Impressionism and (including people) with the least early 20th century’s new line of artistic possible distortion or interpretation. enquiry, Cubism. - Naturalism began in the early - Known for his incredibly varied painting Renaissance, and develop itself further style throughout the Renaissance, such as with Edouard Manet the Florentine school. - was a French modernist painter. - It is a type of art that pays attention - He was one of the first 19th-century to very accurate and precise details, and artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal portrays things as they are. figure in the transition from Realism to William Bliss Baker Impressionism. was an American artist who became widely POST-IMPRESSIONISM hailed landscape painter early in his career. o It is an art movement that emerged in - Began exhibiting yearly at the National France, which is a result of both the Academy in 1881 influence and rejection of impressionist but - Some landscape paintings of Baker’s are later on saw the inherent limitations and considered to be the best example of the flaws of impressionism. This eventually naturalist movement. led to the development of individual style - Fallen Monarchs is considered to be that gave emphasis to defining from with Baker’s masterpiece the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. ARTA-MIDTERM graceful and elegant manner that somehow NEO-IMPRESSIONISM evokes a certain power to it. o As an art movement, neo-impressionism · Art Nouveau drew inspiration from is considered as a response to empirical both organic and geometric forms to create realism of impressionism. elegant flowing designs that resembled the o Most painters who subscribe to such stems, vines, tendrils, blossoms, and movements rely on a systematic and flowers of plants. scientific techniques that have a · Both Art Nouveau and Art Deco are predetermined visual effects not only on early expressions of modernity. The the art work itself but also how the difference between Art Nouveau and Art audience perceive the art. Deco was ART NOUVEAU features Georges Seurat and Chromoluminarism curved in lines and organic forms that o Seurat said he wanted "to find celebrate nature while ART DECO is more something new, my own way of industrial and full of straight lines, painting." He particularly valued geometry, and sharp edges. color intensity in painting, and took · These rebel artists driven to impart extensive notes on the use of color their own style in the art world were the by the painter Eugène Delacroix. He innovators but highly influential movement began studying color theory and the known as Art Nouveau. science of optics and embarked on a · Art Nouveau pieces are organic in path that would lead him to develop their ornamentation featuring what many a new style he called art historians call whiplash curves Chromoluminarism. decorating every available surface. The Theory of Neo-Impressionism Art Nouveau artists were also The discoveries of "optical blending and influenced by the arts and crafts "simultaneous contrast" that Seurat read movements’ emphasis on hand about became the theoretical foundation of craftsmanship and the highly Chromoluminarism, which came to be expressive paintings of post- known as Neo-Impressionism. impressionists. ART NOUVEAU Common characteristics of Art o Between 1890 and 1910, countries Nouveau are muted colors (all colors from Europe and the United States that have low saturation (or chrome). witnessed the emergence and flourishing of These are subtle colors that are not a new art style. bright or have been subdued, dulled, · This ornamental style of art was a or grayed. break from the conservative historicism, Louis Comfort Tiffany which was the prevailing and dominant He produced a vast amount of exquisite theme of most Western artworks. Favrile glass, many pieces achieving · This ornamental style uses long and mysterious and impressionistic effects; his organic lines that are concretely manifested innovations made him a leader of the Art in architecture, jewelry and glass design, Nouveau movement. American painter, among others. craftsman, philanthropist, decorator, and · The defining characteristic of Art designer, internationally recognized as one Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that of the greatest forces of the Art Nouveau usually is in the form of insect wings or style) flower stalks. The line is done in such a Gustav Klimt ARTA-MIDTERM Gustav Klimt whose work is another · Henri Matisse said he did not choose example of Art Nouveau at its most colors based on scientific theory like post- dominant, his work is decorative, colorful, impressionist but on feeling, observation, and contained gold-leaf like in the painting and the nature of each experience. Also full the kiss and the portrait of Adele Bloch- of artists shifted away from urban themes Bauer which leave no space unadorned and return to impressionist subject. Alphonse Mucha HISTORY OF FAUVISM Examples of this Art Nouveau can be · Developed in France during the 20th found in all art forms during this time. Art century Nouveau was the first artistic movement to · Started by Henri Matisse- He is a give serious credibility to the graphic arts leader in the fauvist movement. especially the poster as an art form. · The term FAUVISM means WILD - Art Nouveau had a great run BEASTS (known as Les Fauves in French and even though it lasted only 20 years, the term) work produced during this period made a · The term Les Fauves was born when lasting expression on the art world towards a painting by Henri Matisse was shown at the end of Art Nouveau, the prevailing an exhibition at 1906 Salon d’Automne aesthetic eventually gave way to the more There were Fauvists but Henri was one industrial lines of modernism ad the more of the dominant figure predictable geometric forms of Art deco · It was not exactly an art movement still the influence and appreciation of Art · The name, Les Fauves was actually Nouveau organic forms and prolific first used as a derogatory remark about ornamentation has lasted through today. their work by French art critic Louis FAUVISM Vauxcelles. Les Fauves actually means This is a style of painting that emerged in “wild beasts”—it referred to Matisse and France around the turn of the twentieth the others' choice of colors, indicating that century. their work was savage and primitive. · What makes fauvists revolutionary is · It started with Henri Matisse that they used pure and vibrant colors by experimenting with colors in painting applying straight from the paint tubes · Fauvism valued individual directly to the canvas. expression. The artist’s direct experience of · This is done to produce a sense of his subjects, his emotional response to explosion of colors in the canvas. nature, and his intuition were all more · The difference lies with how the fauves important than academic theory or elevated have this strong and expressive reaction to subject matter. how they portray their subjects. · Color could project a mood and · Most fauvist works reject the establish a structure within the work of art conservative and traditional renderings of without having to be true to the natural three-dimensional space world. · What artists did was they introduced and o Fauvism’s central artistic concerns was promoted a picture space that is defined by the overall balance of the composition. The the movement of color. fauves’ simplified forms and saturated · This goes along with the unique color colors drew attention to the inherent schemes and color renditions of objects flatness of the canvas or paper; within that and people in fauvism. pictorial space, each element played a specific role. The immediate visual ARTA-MIDTERM impression of the work is to be strong and unified. CUBISM was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted. - a style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense of other pictorial elements especially by displaying several aspects of the same object simultaneously and by fragmenting the form of depicted objects. - Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, which employs geometric shapes in depictions of human and other forms. Over time, the geometric touches grew so intense that they sometimes overtook the represented forms, creating a more pure level of visual abstraction FUTURISM - Futurism was launched by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. On 20 February he published his Manifesto of Futurism on the front page of the Paris newspaper Le Figaro. - Among modernist movements futurism was exceptionally vehement in its denunciation of the past. This was because in Italy the weight of past culture was felt as particularly oppressive. - Futurist painting used elements of neo- impressionism and cubism to create compositions that expressed the idea of the dynamism, the energy and movement, of modern life.