Art App Finals PDF

Art in the Middle Ages revolted against Rome and killed Emperor Valens. - The spread of Christianity weakened - The Middle Ages occurred from the fall the pol...

Art in the Middle Ages revolted against Rome and killed Emperor Valens. - The spread of Christianity weakened - The Middle Ages occurred from the fall the polytheistic belief and the imperial of the Roman Empire in the 5th values. Century CE until the beginning of the - The Roman legions weakened. Renaissance period. - The term, also known as Medieval Early Christian Art Period, was introduced by Italian - Refers to the painting, sculpture, and humanists to differentiate the 1000- architecture from the beginnings of year gap from the Classical Period Christianity up to the 6th Century CE in (Ancient Greek and Roman) up to the Italy and the Western part of the Renaissance. Mediterranean. Why did the Roman Empire fall? Hidden and Symbolic - Rome suffered losses against - The earliest identifiably Christian art Germanic tribes. Marcus Augustulus consists of a few 2nd-century wall and was the last Roman emperor. He ceiling paintings in the Roman was defeated by a Germanic tribe Catacombs (underground burial leader, Odoacer in 476 CE. chambers), which continued to be - Apart from outside forces, Rome was decorated in a sketchy style derived crumbling from within. One major from Roman impressionism through factor is financial crisis. The empire the 4th century. The earliest Christian was plagued with overspending, iconography tended to be symbolic. minimal resources, and depletion of labor force. Fish as a Symbol for Christ - When the Roman Empire was divided - Ichthys is the Greek word for fish, and into two- the Western Empire with the it was one of the most important early seat of power in Milan and the Eastern Christian symbols. Empire with the seat in - Not only did fish feature in several Constantinople- it was meant to miracles of Jesus in the Gospels, but govern the Empire efficiently. However, the Ichthys was taken as an acrostic the Eastern Empire endured longer. for the Greek phrase “Iēsous Christos - The Empire over-expanded which Theou Hyios Sōtēr,” which means became an administrative and “Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior.” logistical nightmare. - The government was pestered with corrupt officials. Frequent civil wars resulted to the murder of the sitting Emperor and the coronation of a new one. The job became more dangerous as ever. - The arrival of the Huns in Europe drove other drives into the Roman Empire border. One of the tribes, the Visigoths,  Christ as the Alpha and the Omega 3rd and 4th Century Catacombs - “I am Alpha and Omega, the First and - The earliest identifiably Christian art the Last, the Beginning and the End.” consists of a few 2nd-century wall and (Rev 22.13) ceiling paintings in the Roman - Alpha is the first letter of the Greek catacombs (underground burial alphabet, and Omega is the last one. chambers), which continued to be Putting the two together, they decorated in a sketchy style derived represent the eternity of Christ as the from Roman impressionism through Son of God. the 4th century. The earliest Christian iconography tended to be symbolic 3rd-century painting of the Good Shepherd in the Catacomb of Callixtus Dove as the Holy Spirit - According to Matthew 3:16, during the Baptism of Jesus the Holy Spirit descended like a dove and came to rest on Jesus. For this reason, the Jesus healing the bleeding woman, dove became a symbol of the Holy Roman catacombs, 300-350 CE Spirit and in general it occurs frequently in connection with early representations of baptism. Noah praying in the Ark, from a Roman buildings needed to convey the new Catacomb authority of Christianity. Aula Palatina - Interior of the basilica - The basilica contains the largest extant hall from antiquity and is ranked a Word Heritage Site. The hall has a length of 67 m, a width of 26.05 m, and a height of 33 m. - Catedra: the seat of the Bishop The Edict of Milan - The agreement shifted Christianity from being an illicit, persecuted sect to being a welcome—and soon dominant —religion of the Roman Empire. It was the outcome of a political agreement concluded in Mediolanum (modern Milan) between the Roman emperors Aula Palatina Constantine I and Licinius in February - Now called The Basilica of Constantine 313. The proclamation, made for the in Trier, Germany East by Licinius in June 313, granted - Today it is used as the Church of the all persons freedom to worship Redeemer and owned by a whatever deity they pleased, assured congregation within the Evangelical Christians of legal rights (including the Church in the Rhineland. right to organize churches), and directed the prompt return to Christians of confiscated property. The basilica - Since Christianity was a mystery religion that demanded initiation to participate in religious practices, Christian architecture put greater emphasis on the interior. The Christian churches needed large interior spaces Basilica of St John Lateran to house the growing congregations - The oldest church in Europe, it is and to mark the clear separation of the considered the mother church of the faithful from the unfaithful. At the same Roman Catholic faithful. time, the new Christian churches - Dedicated for the Pope. needed to be visually meaningful. The  Basilica of St. John Lateran Early Christian Mosaics - The papal cathedral situated at the - Present-day insight into the crucial apse early phase of this part of the history of mosaic is limited because of the loss of nearly everything that was made in the field during the first half of the 4th century. It seems certain that wall mosaics had come into use in Roman art well before Emperor Constantine’s edict of toleration of the Christian faith in 313 CE. Mosaic of the Tradition Legis (Christ giving the law) Old St. Peter’s Basilica - Can be seen at the Church of Santa - Built on the site of the Circus of Nero Costanza - The basilica is the traditional site of the - Traditionally identified as the remains of St. Peter. It became a site mausoleum of Constantina, the of monumental importance from its daughter of Constantine construction in the 300th Century CE - Moses: 10 commandments up to this date. - Elijah: one of the prophets in the old - Fresco showing cutaway view of testament Constantine’s St. Peter’s Basilica as it looked in the 4th century - The basilica was around 403 feet long and 208 feet in width. It held 4 aisles instead of the usual 2, and accentuated by the transept running through the nave and the apse, the central part of the building and portion containing the altar respectively.  Christ presenting the key of His Mosaic at the Basilica di Santa Maria Kingdom to St. Peter Assunta - Can be seen at the Church of Santa - This part of the mosaic shows the Costanza. scene where Jonah was thrown off the - The key represents the power to boat and was about to be eaten by a forgive and to share the word of God giant fish thereby giving it the power to allow others into heaven. - St. Peter: gatekeeper Romanesque Art - Took shape in the eleventh century, initially developing in France then Apse Mosaic, Church of Santi Cosma spreading to Spain, England, Flanders, e Damiano Germany, Italy, and other regions. As - In the centre of the mosaic stands the first style to spread across Europe, Christ. He is dressed in a golden toga, it symbolized the growing wealth of which is embroidered with what looks European cities and the power of like the letter iota, the tenth letter of church monasteries. the Greek alphabet, possibly a reference to the Ten Commandments. “Romanesque" Christ is thus the Law and the Word - The term “Romanesque” was invented made flesh. by 19th century art historians to refer specifically to architecture of the time period, which retained many basic features of Roman architectural style— most notably semi-circular arches— but retained distinctive regional characteristics. - Romanesque art resulted from the great expansion of monasticism in the 10th and 11th centuries, when Europe first regained a measure of political stability after the fall of the Roman Empire.  Painting Christ depicted as the Alpha and the - In churches, painting continued to Omega, a fresco at the St. Gilles follow Byzantine iconographic models. Chapel, France Christ in Majesty, the Last Judgement and scenes from the Life of Christ remained among the most common depictions. In illuminated manuscripts , the most lavishly decorated examples of the period included bibles or psalters. - Characteristics: originality developed saturated primary colors limited depth subjects vary in sizes depending on importance backgrounds are abstract Christ in Majesty, a fresco at the elongated human forms Château des Moines, Berzé-la-Ville, France Apse of the Basilica of Saint Angelo in Formis - Fresco on the Apse of the Basilica of Saint Angelo in Formis, Italy showing the enthroned Christ and the symbols of the four Evangelists. Christ the Day of the Judgement, a Fresco on the Apse of San Sebastiano restored fresco from the church of al Palatino in Italy Sant Climent de Taüll in Spain  Sculpture most elaborate examples in Catalonia - The art of monumental sculpture was of an image of Christ on the Cross revived in western Europe during the symbolizing his triumph over death. Romanesque period after almost 600 years of dormancy. Relief sculpture was used to depict biblical history and church doctrine on the capitals of columns and around the massive doors of churches. Natural objects were freely transformed into visionary images that derive their power from abstract linear design and from expressive distortion and stylization. - Sculpture also exhibited a vigorous style, evident in the carved capitals of columns, which often depicted complete scenes consisting of several figures. Precious objects sculpted in Madonna as Seat of Wisdom, 1199 metal, enamel, and ivory, such as - Inscribed as by Presbyter Martinus, reliquaries, also had high status in this from the Camaldolese abbey in Borgo period. San Sepolcro near Arezzo, Italy. The Central Portal of the Vézelay Abbey in Burgundy France - Depicted on the relief is Christ with His arms wide open to the Crusaders. The Baptismal Font at St. Bartholomew’s Church - Is attributed to Reiner of Huy, a 12th century metalworker and sculptor. The Majestat Batlló is a 12th century Romanesque wooden crucifix - Now in the National Art Museum of Catalonia in Barcelona. It is one of the  The Bamberg Cathedral in Bamberg - Germany was founded by Emperor Henry II in 1002. The cathedral is approximately 94 meters long and the four towers are each about 81 meters high. The cathedral houses many beautiful German works of art and an equestrian statue known as the Bamberg Horseman. The Porto Cathedral in Porto, Portugal - is one of the oldest cathedrals in the city and is characterized by its two square towers supported by buttresses and crowned by a cupola. The first Romanesque building has undergone many restorations but it has remained strikingly Romanesque. The Basilica of Saint Servatius in St. Andrew’s Church in Krakow, Maastricht, Netherlands Poland - is a Roman Catholic Church dedicated - is one of the few existing examples of to Saint Servatius. Today, the Basilica European fortress churches. Built of Saint Servatius is the main church of between 1079 and 1098, it is located Deanery of Maastricht. in the middle of the Old Town district of Krakow and was designed by a medieval Polish statesman, Palatine Sieciech.  Islamic societies also practiced this art, Europe had one of the longest and most cultivated traditions of illuminating manuscripts. - The term illumination originally denoted the embellishment of the text of handwritten books with gold or, more rarely, silver, giving the impression that the page had been literally illuminated. Gothic Art - Gothic art developed after the The Wesminster Abbey Bestiary Romanesque, in the 12th century. The (c.1275-1290 CE) style continued to be used well into - Probably created in York, Britain, this the 16th century in some parts of work is a collection of descriptions of Europe, while giving way to the animals – some real and some Renaissance style earlier in some imaginary – drawn from pre-Christian regions. sources, the Bible, and legends. - L-R: Griffin devouring a man; Walrus; “Gothic" Dragon. - The term Gothic was coined by classicizing Italian writers of the Renaissance, who attributed the invention (and what to them was the nonclassical ugliness) of medieval architecture to the barbarian Gothic tribes that had destroyed the Roman Empire and its classical culture in the 5th century CE. The term retained its derogatory overtones until the 19th The Book of Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux century, at which time a positive (c. 1324-1328 CE) critical revaluation of Gothic - Created in Paris, France by the leading architecture took place. Although illustrator of the time, Jean Pucelle, for modern scholars have long realized the queen Jeanne d’Evreux that Gothic art has nothing in truth to (1310-1371 CE), wife of Charles IV do with the Goths, the term Gothic (1322-1328 CE). It is a small Book of remains a standard one in the study of Hours delicately illustrated on art history. exceptionally fine vellum with over 700 illustrations accompanying the text. Illuminated Manuscripts - L-R: Folios 34v-35r, Christ Before - A handwritten book that has been Pilate / The Visitation; FFolios 61v-62r, decorated with gold or silver, brilliant The Road to Calvary / The colors, or elaborate designs or Annunciation to the Shepards; Folios miniature pictures. Though various  75v-76r, The Deposition / The IX. Initially intended to house precious Presentation in the Temple relics, Sainte-Chapelle is particularly renowned for its collection of 15 windows. Measuring nearly 50 feet in height, each monumental window depicts a sparkling interpretation of a biblical scene rendered in gem-like tones and impressive detail. Grimani Breviary (c.1510 CE) - An enormous work of 1,670 pages with full-page illustrations of scenes from the Bible, secular legend, contemporary landscapes and domestic scenes. The text is made up of prayers, psalms, and other selections from the Bible. - L-R: St. George; Pages from the calendar for February; Depiction for December. Chapel in the University of Cambridge’s King’s College - Throughout the late 15th and early 16th centuries, a beautiful Gothic chapel was erected in the University of Cambridge's King's College. In addition to mesmerizing fan vaulting and a painting by Baroque master Stained Glass Peter Paul Rubens, King's College - While stained glass had been used in Chapel is famous for its treasure trove French churches in the Romanesque of narrative windows. The iconography period, the Gothic windows were much featured in the splendid panes larger, eventually filling entire walls. incorporates both religious and royal They were particularly important in the motifs and illustrates the artistic High Gothic cathedrals, most famously advancements of England's late in Chartres Cathedral. Their function Gothic period. was to fill the interior with a mystical colored light, representing the Holy Spirit, and also to illustrate the stories of the Bible for the large majority of the congregation who could not read. “Jewel of the Rayonnant Gothic Period,” - Paris' stunning Sainte-Chapelle was built in the 13th century by King Louis  Chartres Cathedral realistically carven clusters of leaves - is home to the largest collection of that adorn the capitals of columns. preserved medieval stained-glass - Monumental sculptures assumed an windows in the world. The windows increasingly prominent role during the are in an excellent state of High and late Gothic periods and were conservation and currently undergoing placed in large numbers on the an active restoration phase to return facades of cathedrals, often in their them to their original splendour. Most own niches. In the 14th century, Gothic of them date from the early years of sculpture became more refined and the 13th century and they are an elegant and acquired a mannered exceptional legacy of the thriving daintiness in its elaborate and finicky artistic, intellectual and spiritual activity drapery. of a time when Gothic Humanism was reaching full maturity. Shrine of the Three Kings, Cologne Cathedral The Symbolic marriage of Christ and the Virgin Mary, representing the Sculpture Church from the Reims Cathedral - Gothic sculpture was closely tied to architecture, since it was used primarily to decorate the exteriors of cathedrals and other religious buildings. The earliest Gothic sculptures were stone figures of saints and the Holy Family used to decorate the doorways, or portals, of cathedrals in France and elsewhere. - Early Gothic masons also began to observe such natural forms as plants more closely, as is evident in the  A grotesque perched atop Notre Notre-Dame de Reims, France Drame Cathedral in Paris - The kings of France were crowned in this cathedral, constructed during the 13th century on the site of an old church dating from the year 400. Architecture Westminster Abbey, London - Gothic architecture, architectural style - Henry III ordered the construction of in Europe that lasted from the this abbey in 1245, as he chose the mid-12th century to the 16th century, spot for his burial. It's now the site of particularly a style of masonry building British coronations and many royal characterized by cavernous spaces weddings—most recently, the marriage with the expanse of walls broken up by of Prince William and Kate Middleton, overlaid tracery. now the Duke and Duchess of - Characteristics: Cambridge. Grand, tall designs, which swept upwards with height and grace Use of flying buttresses Pointed arch Vaulted ceilings Light, airy interiors Gargoyles as waterspouts Decorative Amiens Cathedral, France - Amiens is the tallest completed cathedral in France, reaching an internal height of 138.8 feet. It also has the largest interior volume at 260,000 cubic yards.  Canterbury Cathedral, U.K. - Archbishop Thomas Becket was famously murdered in the church. Milan Cathedral, Italy - The largest church in Italy took nearly 600 years to complete. Unlike most Gothic cathedrals, which have two towers in front, Milan'sl has quite a different silhouette, being covered in many small pinnacles. Renaissance Invented by Johannes Guttenberg. What is Renaissance? Provided easy access to literature. - The renaissance was a fervent period First book that was mass produced of European cultural, artistic, political, by the printing press was the Bible. and economic “rebirth” following the - Copernican Revolution middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to - The Black Death the 17th century, the renaissance Plague that was caused by the urine promoted the rediscovery of classical of rats. philosophy, literate and art. - “Renaissance” comes from the French - Art patrons word “rebirth”. Renaissance thinkers Rich people from Italy. considered the Middle Ages to have Donated their treasures or supported been a period of cultural decline. They the art of artists. sought to revitalize their culture through re-emphasizing classical texts What is Renaissance Art? and philosophies. - Renaissance artists turned to Greek - Some major developments of the and Roman sculpture, painting and Renaissance include astronomy, decorative arts for inspiration and also humanist philosophy, the printing because their techniques meshed with press, vernacular language in writing, renaissance humanist philosophy. Both painting and sculpture technique, classical and renaissance art focused world exploration and, in the late on human beauty and nature. People, Renaissance, Shakespeare’s works even when in religious works, were depicted living life and showing What caused the Renaissance? emotion. Perspective and light and - Discovery and translation of Ancient shadow techniques improved and Greek and Roman Texts paintings looked more three- - The Crusades dimensional and realistic. Holy war that was waged by the Pope to reclaim the holy land of Proto-Renaissance Art Jerusalem from the Muslims. - In Italy, the Renaissance proper was They conquer places and spread preceded by an important “Proto- christianity as they go from west to Renaissance” in the late 13th and early east. 14th centuries, which drew inspiration - Fall of the Byzantine Empire from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had rejected the formal Scholasticism - Humanism of the prevailing Christian theology and Father of Humanism: Francesco gine out among the poor praising the Petrarch beauties and spiritual value of nature. People reevaluated themselves to - Not the fulfillment of the renaissance use their God-given talents and period. knowledge for the betterment of - Proto-Renaissance Artists: Giotto Di everyone. Bondone, Francesco Petrarch, - Invention of the printing press Giovanni Boccaccio  Proto- Renaissance Artists Kiss of Judas Giotto Di Bondone - Giotto Di Bondone, Early 14th Century - The kiss of Judas is one of the famous frescoes made by Giotto at the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. After the Last Supper, in the garden of Gethsemane, Judas identifies Jesus for the Roman soldiers by kissing him. In the center of the composition we see Judas, in yellow robes, as he envelops Jesus with an intimate embrace. The two men lock eyes as angry soldiers carrying weapons lie in wait. Ognissanti Madonna - Giotto Di Bondone, 1310 - The painting shows some of the natural, lifelike qualities Giotto introduced into the art of his time. Giotto painted the throne of the Madonna with open sides, and showed two bearded men looking through the openings. In this way, Giotto increased the feeling that the scene is not just a flat panel but realistically recedes into space. The painting was originally done for the Church of the Ognissanti in Florence, Lamentation Italy, but is now on display in that city’s - Giotto Di Bondone, Early 14th century Uffizi Gallery. The Lamentation is is another fresco made by Giotto at the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. In the scene of the Lamentation, Christ's body has been cut down from the cross and is surrounded by his weeping family and friends. His head is cradled in the arms of his mother, the Virgin Mary - who is the focus of the picture - while Mary Magdalene grieves at his feet, and John the Evangelist opens his arms wide in shock and anguish.  Francesco Petrarch The Epiphany - Giotto Di Bondone, Early 14th Century Trionfi (The Triumphs) - Giotto’s last surviving paintings are - Francesco Petrarch, 1351- 1374 frescoes in the Church of Santa Croce - A series of allegorical poems that in Florence. In these works, Giotto describes a succession of victories, used more complicated compositions beginning with Love which is than he did in the Scorvegni frescoes. conquered by Chastity, which gives This picture, which shows the way to Death, which is triumphed over Adoration of the Magi in the by Fame, Time, and Divinity. In the foreground and the Annunciation to the poems, Petrarch presents his vision of Shepherds in the background the human experience and establishes highlights clearly organized space, a moral hierarchy of virtues, with arranged like stepped stage with the Divinity triumphing over the others. stale viewed from below, and the simplified shapes of the figures.  IL Canzoniere course of a fortnight, each member of - Francesco Petrarch the party has a turn as king or queen - A collection of more than 317 sonnets over the others, deciding in detail how and almost 50 additional poems in their day shall be spent and directing various forms. The main theme is their leisurely walks, their outdoor Petrarch’s love for a woman name conversations, their dances and songs, Laura, a love that seems to have been and, above all, their alternate either unrequited or inaccessible. storytelling. This storytelling occupies While some scholars think Laura was 10 days of the fortnight (the rest being fictional, others believe she may have set aside for personal adornment or for been the very real, and very married, religious devotions); hence the title of Laura de Noves, an Italian the book itself, Decameron, or “Ten noblewoman. Days’ Work.” Giovanni Boccaccio Early Renaissance Art - Began to create work intensified by knowledge of architecture, philosophy, theology, mathematics, science, and design. The innovations that emerged in art during this period would go on to cause reverberations, which continue to influence creative and cultural arenas today. Characteristics of Early Renaissance Arts Decameron - Giovanni Boccaccio, 1348-1353 - Radically Fresh Artistic Techniques - The Decameron begins with the flight Shallow carving to create atmospheric effect, naturalistic and of 10 young people (7 women and 3 anatomical detail, and the use of men) from plague-stricken Florence in chiaroscuro and trompe l’oeil. 1348. They retire to a rich, well- watered countryside, where, in the - Emphasized Emotions and The Holy Trinity Individualism - Masaccio, 1426-1427 Man’s relationship with the world, - This fresco depicts the the universe, and God was no longer Holy Trinity. Christ, the exclusive province of the church. crucified, is the central - New Subject Matter Evolved figure with God the Battle scenes portraits and father standing behind depictions of ordinary people. him. A small white - Arts Patrons like the Medici Family dove above Christ’s Artists were suddenly in demand to head represents the produce works in bold new ways for Holy Spirit. Within the a community that fostered the arts architectural niche and nurtured its artists like never that holds the three, before. Mary can also be seen, dressed in blue Expulsion from the Garden on the left while John the Disciple - Masaccio, 1425 stands at the right, both gazing up at - A fresco located inside the Brancacci Christ in devotion. On either side of the Chapel in Florence, Adam is hiding his columns, the commissioned work’s face with his hand while Eve’s face is unidentified patrons kneel in profile. uncovered, exuding anguish; it’s easy Below them, a skeleton lies I na tomb for the viewer to recognize that both bearing the inscription: “I once was figures are incredibly distraught—their what you are and what I am you also body postures add to the emotion of will be,” representing a memento mori, the artwork. While some photos of the or an object that serves as a warning fresco show fig leaves covering their or reminder of the inevitability of death. private areas, they were never meant to be there and were removed when The Dome of Florence Cathedral the fresco was restored. - Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420-1436 - This photograph shows Brunelleschi’s famous octagonal dome crowning the Florence Cathedral. Its red stone, emblematic of the Florentine love of stonework and Medici red, dominates the skyline with one of the world’s most recognized and iconic views. Consisting of over four million bricks, it  remains the largest masonry dome in the world. David - Donatello, 1430- 1440 - Donatello’s David is believed to have been commission by Cosimo de’ Medici. What makes this piece quite unique for the time was that it was the first freestanding nude sculpture since something the artist kept in mind when antiquity, and the body itself is painting the fresco. feminine, speaking to the fact the David is portrayed by a young man. Flagellation of Christ Wearing a hat—the same type they would have worn during those times— - Piero Della Francesca, 1455 David, who has long hair, is standing - This painting, divided vertically down the center by Roman columns, depicts on Goliath’s head, revealing to the the flagellation of Christ in the verier that he had just slain the enemy. background on the left in contrast to three aristocratic Florentine men engaged in conversation in the foreground on the right. The innovative use of perspective, though, further emphasized the division between the two scenes, conveying the dissonance between two worlds; the self- preoccupation of the important and wealthy ruling class of Florence implicitly critiqued by the suffering of Christ taking place in the adjacent space. The Annunciation - Fra Angelico, 1438-1445 - Depicting the Annunciation, or the moment when the angel Gabriel appears to the Virgin May telling her that she is with child, the artwork, although simple in its rendering, is beautiful, especially when the natural light floods through the window of the staircase, located left of the painting—  Lamentation Over the Dead Christ - Andrea Mantegna, 1480 - This remarkable image shows the dead Christ, lying upon a marble slab, his lower body shrouded by a piece of linen, as the stricken faces of St. John the Virgin Mary peer over him. The extreme foreshortening and vivid details, like the nail holes visible in Christ’s feet, result in an experience of Christ Handing the Keys of the intense intimacy for the viewer. Christ Kingdom to St. Peter becomes less a divine figure, and - Pietro Perugino, 1482 merely an affronting human cadaver. - Christ is emphasized slightly in scale and by placement, outlined and set apart by the space that surrounds him, and the diagonal that leads to the temple’s entrance of the building, which begins at the top of his head. The key is directly in line with the Temple entrance, and isolated, too, within its own space. - Two scenes from the New Testament are depicted behind. The scene on the left shows Christ and the disciples paying the tribute money, and the scene on the right shows Christ La Primavera escaping from an attempted stoning. - Sandro Botticelli, 1481-1482 Two identical arches, resembling the - An allegorical painting, La Primavera, Arch of Constantine flank the Temple in often referred to as the Allegory of the background. Spring, is beautifully rendered with great detail—hundreds of flowers have been identified in the artwork. The painting features various figures beginning with Zephyrus (the wind god) on the right side, grabbing one of the virgin nymphs, Chloris, who then turns into Flora, the figure dressed in the embroidered garb gently tossing flower petals around. We then have the central figure of Venus, followed by the Three Graces and the Mercury.  The Birth of Venus contrast between the two subjects’ - Sandro Botticelli, 1483-1485 phases of existence. - This seminal, iconic work, inspired by the roman poet Ovid’s Metamorphoses (8 A.D.), focuses on the birth of Venus, the goddess of love, riding her scallop shell as she arrives on land. To the right, a female with billowing dress and hair leans toward Venus holding out a swirling red robe to clothe her. Flying at a diagonal and also leaning towards Venus, Zephyrus, the god of the wind, puffs out his cheeks, blowing her toward the shore, as pink flowers fill the air around them. High Renaissance Art - Subsequently, coined to denote the artistic pinnacle of the Renaissance, refers to a thirty-year period exemplified by the groundbreaking, iconic works of art being made in Italy during what was considered a thriving societal prime. A rejuvenation of classical art married with a deep investigation into the humanities Portrait of an Old Man with his spurred artists of unparalleled mastery Grandson whose creations were informed by a - Domenico Ghirlandaio, 1490 keen knowledge of science, anatomy, - This tender potrait vividly evokes a and architecture, and remain today, moment of embrace, juxtaposing a some of the most awe-inspiring works man toward the end of his life with a of excellence in the historical art child at his beginning. The older man canon. wears a red fur-lined robe, and the younger, a red doublet and cap. Characteristics of High Renaissance Behind them, a window that opens Art onto a landscape of winding roads - Continuation of Artistic Methods through fields that lead toward a small Artists continued the use of shallow church at the bottom of a terraced hill. carving to create atmospheric effect, Next to it, a monolithic rock rises out naturalistic and anatomical detail, of a lake, the golden locks of the boy, and the use of chiaroscuro and echoed in the folds of his doublet, trompe l’oeil draw the viewer’s eye up to the window, which, framed by somber grey and black, evokes a feeling of - Infusing Ideals of Beauty Back into Art The High Renaissance artists’ key concerns were present to pieces of visual, symmetrical, and compositional perfection. - Sfumato & Quadratura initiated by Da Vinci Leonardo created sfumato, a glazing effect that revolutionized the blending of tone and color and quadratura, or ceiling painting, were born - Renaissance Men Leonardo Da Vinci, Michaelangelo, The Last Supper Raphael, and architect Donato - Leonardo Da Vinci, 1495-1498 Bramante are undoubtedly the - Created between the years 1495 and period’s most notable legends who 1498 for the refectory of the Santa exemplify the term “Renaissance” Maria della Grazie in Milan, this fresco man in their proficiency and mastery made use of the experimental of multiple subjects and interests. technique of oil and tempera on plaster —it has faded horribly; however, it is Virgin of the Rocks one of the best and most loved pieces - Leonardo Da Vinci, 1483-1485 of all time. - This painting focuses on four figures: the Virgin Mary, John the Baptist and Christ as young children, and an angel. The Virgin is the central figure at the top of a pyramidal composition that emphasizes her importance, framed by rocks. Gazing downward, she reaches out her arm in blessing toward Christ but also outward to invite the viewer into this intimate scene. In the foreground, a pool is visible, with plants such as an iris and an aquilegia growing along its edges. The Tempietto background is a dramatic vista of - Donato Bramante, 1502 boulder formations, pinnacles rising up - The Tempietto is considered by many from earth, the shadowy depths of scholars to be the premier example of caverns, and an overarching roof of High Renaissance architecture. With its stone and fallen trees. Through the perfect proportions, harmony, of its gaps, a sinuous river of blue green parts, and direct references to ancient water moves toward the misty horizon architecture, the Tempietto embodies on the upper left. the Renaissance. This structure has  been described as Bramante’s “calling Mona Lisa card” to Pope Julius II, the important - Leonardo Da Vinci, 1503-1519 Renaissance patron of the arts who - Among the works created by Da Vinci would then employ Bramante in the in the 16th century or the small portrait historic design of the new St. Peter’s known as the Mona Lisa, or La Basilica. Gioconda, “the laughing one.” In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman’s face—its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. David - Michaelangelo, 1501-1504 - Michelangelo’s version of David is colossal, standing at 17 feet, with extremely large hands: the reason for this is because it is meant to be placed up high so that viewers have to look up – the proper way to view it, making him appear superhuman. While still a young man – age 16 – this David has a strong body, making him appear slightly older than his 16 years, and The Alba Madonna with his sling resting on his shoulder, - Raphael, 1510 he has not yet gone to battle. - This painting shows the Virgin Mary with child versions of Christ and John the Baptist in an Italian landscape. The facial expressions and body language, conveyed with a fluid and precise naturalism, are both remarkably human and spiritually expressive. The Virgin's gaze, as her right arm reaches out to touch John comfortingly on the shoulder, is portent with awareness of future events. He returns her look with understanding while his left hand grips the base of the wooden cross.  The School of Athens - Raphael, 1509-1511 - This fresco, depicting a gathering of classical Greek philosophers, noted contemporary scholars, and artists, uses perspective to draw the viewer's gaze toward the central figures of Plato on the left and Aristotle on the right, walking as they discuss philosophical matters under the replicating arches. The scene is animated, as groups in The Virgin and Child with St. Anne discussion cluster on both the left and - Leonardo Da Vinci, 1510 right, creating a contrast with other - In the painting Virgin and Child with St. individual figures that sit in solitary Anne, da Vinci’s composition again reflection. A statue of Apollo, god of picks up the theme of figures in a music and art, stands on the left, while landscape. What makes this painting a statue of Athena, goddess of reason unusual is that there are two obliquely and wisdom stands on the right, set figures superimposed. Mary is symbolizing the division between seated on the knee of her mother, St. Plato's philosophy of ideal forms and Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Aristotle's emphasis on logic and Christ Child as he plays roughly with a empirical knowledge. lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. This painting influenced many contemporaries, including Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto. The trends in its composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese. The Creation of Adam - Michaelangelo, 1508-1512 - This legendary painting, part of the vast masterpiece that adorns the Sistine Chapel, shows Adam as a muscular classical nude, reclining on the left, as he extends his hand toward God who fills the right half of the painting. God rushes toward him, his haste conveyed by his white flaring robe and the energetic movements of  his body. God is surrounded by angels The Sistine Madonna and cherubim, all encased within a red - Raphael, 1512 cloud, while a feminine figure thought - The Sistine Madonna presents a to be Eve or Sophia, symbol of serene, self-possessed Virgin Mary wisdom, peers out with curious with the Christ child, a woman of ideal interest from underneath Adam's arm. maternal splendor and beauty. She stands on the clouds front and center, robes flowing, with curtains drawn on either side of her to emphasize her importance. The view behind her opens into heaven, as the faces of the souls of unborn children or angels throng in the clouds. Two third-century martyrs, patron saints of the church of San Sisto, meet her. On her left, Pope Sixtus II, kneels to gaze up at her, his left hand above his heart, and his right The Ceiling of Sistine Chapel hand inviting the viewer forward. On - Michaelangelo, 1508-1512 the right, Saint Barbara kneels, her - Michelangelo, created the magnificent face turned toward the viewer and Sistine Chapel Ceiling– an epic High downward toward the two impish Renaissance work that is sure to take cherubim staring up from the bottom. your breath away. Commissioned by Pope Julius II, the ceiling features stories from the Old Testament separated by painted-on architectural elements. The frescoes are brightly colored and make use of chiaroscuro, and the figures are very sculptural in form. Some of the stories represented include The Creation of Adam and Eve, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, and Noah and the Great Flood, plus there are various Sibyls, prophets, and ignudi, or nude youths, dotted throughout.  with colorful pieces of cloth here and Moses there. Christ is, of course, at the center - Michaelangelo, 1513-1515 of the fresco, along with his Mother, and - A sculpture by Michelangelo, Moses is surrounded by various saints, including was created for Pope Julius II’s tomb – St. Bartholomew, who was flayed alive; it was common in those times for he, indeed, is shown holding skin with a rulers to commission a tomb before caricature of Michelangelo’s face on it. their deaths. The tomb was meant to While the majority of the work displays be a marble three-story edifice; Heaven on a celestial blue background, however, the Pope died before the bottom of the work takes a terrifying Michelangelo could finish, so they turn as many of those people will not be made it work with what was already floating up but rather pulled to Hell. done. The sculpture is unique in that Moses features horns, and all due to a misinterpretation. When Saint Jerome was translating the Bible, he mistook the word rays – when it’s explained that God’s light radiated out of Moses – for horns, so now, this Moses will always have horns. The Last Judgement - Michaelangelo, 1535-1541 - The Last Judgment is another massive masterpiece by Michelangelo located in the Sistine Chapel. Commissioned by Pope Paul III, this glorious work features over 300 figures, most of which are muscular (some over the top) and nude, Philippine National Artists 4.5.1 - Prestigious national and/or Order of National artists international recognition, such as the The Order of National Artists (Orden Gawad Cup para sa Sining, CCP ng mga Pambansang Alagad ng Thirteen Artist Award, and NCCA Sining) is the highest national Haraya Awards (Alab and Dangal) recognition to Filipino individuals 4.5.2 who have made significant - Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their contributions to the development of works the Philippine arts; namely, Music, 4.5.3 Dance, Theater, and - Respect and esteem from peers. 4. Criteria for Selection Honors and Privileges The Order of National Artist shall be The following privileges are provided to given to artists who have met the those conferred with the Order of following criteria: National Artist: 4.1 2.1 - Living artists who are Filipino citizens - The rank and title of National Artist, as at the time of nomination and at the proclaimed by the President of the awarding, as well as those who died Philippines; after the establishment of the award in 2.2 1972 but were filipino citizens at the - The National Artist gold-plated time of their death. medallion minted by the Bangko 4.2 Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and citation; - Artists who through the content and 2.3 form of their works have contributed in - A lifetime emolument and material and building a Filipino sense of nationhood. physical benefits comparable in value 4.3 to those received by the highest - Artists who have pioneered in a mode officers of the land such as: of creative expression or style, thus, earning distinction and making an 2.3.1 Living Awardees: impact on succeeding generations of a. A minimum cash award of Two artists. Hundred Thousand Pesos 4.4 (PhP200,000.00), net of taxes; - Artists who have created a substantial b. A minimum lifetime personal monthly and significant body of works and/or stipend of Fifty Thousand Pesos consistently excellence in the practice (PhP50,000.00); of their art form thus, enriching artistic c. Medical and Hospitalization benefits expression or style. not exceeding PhP750,000.00 per 4.5 year; - Artists who enjoy broad acceptance d. Coverage by a life insurance policy through: by the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) and or/ private insurance companies from date of  conferment the award, in the event - Integrated strength, function, and that the National Artist is insurable, beauty the premiums for which shall be paid - Works by the National Government or by Magsaysay Building donation from any government or Rizal Theater (wala na now) private entities; Manila Jockey Club e. A state Funeral, the arrangement for University of the Philippines and the expenses of which shall be Administration (Quezon Hall) borne by the Government, upon the University Library (Gonzalez Hall) death of the National Artist; Twin Buildings daw sila - Notable works 2.3.2 Posthumous Awards Renovation of Quiapo Church a. One-time minimum cash award of 33rd International Eucharistic One Hundred Fifty Thousand Pesos Congress, 1937 (wala na now) (PhP150,000.00), net of taxes, payable to the legal heir/s. CINEMA ARCHITECTURE Lino Brocka, 1997 - Took his social activist spirit to the Leandro V. Locsin, 1990 screen leaving behind 66 films which - He believes that the true Philippine breathed life and hope for the Architecture is “the product of two marginalized sectors of society great streams of culture, the oriental - He garnered awards and recognition and the occidental…” from institutions like the CCP, FAMAS, - Themes of floating volume, the duality TOYM, and Cannes Film Festival of light and heavy, buoyant and - Works massive running his major works. “Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang” - From 1995 to 1994, Locsin has (1974) produced: “Maynila: Sa Kuko ng Liwanag” 75 residences and 88 buildings, (1975) including: “Insiang” (1976) - 11 churches and chapels - 23 public buildings FILM and BROADCAST ARTS - 48 commercial buildings - 6 major hotels Ishmael Bernal, 2001 - 1 airport terminal building. - “The genius of Philippine cinema” - Notable Works - Director of Films that serve as social CCP Complex commentaries and bold reflections on St. Andrew the Apostle Parish the existing realities of the struggle of Church the Filipino - Works Juan F. Nakpil, 1973 “Pahiram ng Isang Umaga” (1989) - Philippine Architecture, for him, is an “Broken Marriage” (1983) espousing architecture reflective of “Himala” (1982) Philippine traditions and culture. “City After Dark” (1980)  “Nunal sa Tubig” (1976) Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musika, 2004 PAINTING “Agunyas sa Hacienda Lusita,” Pakikiramay, 2004. Fernando Amorsolo, 1972 - “Grand old Man of Philippine Art” Amado Hernandez, 1973 - First National Artist in the Philippines - “Ka Amado” - Developed the backlighting technique - Poet, playwright, and novelist that became his trademark were - For him, the function of the writer is to figures, a cluster of leaves, a spill of act as the conscience of society and to hair, the swell of breast, are seen affirm the greatness of the human spirit aglow on canvas. in the face of inequity and oppression. - Notable works - Works The Palay Maiden, 1920 Bayang Malaya Antipolo Fiesta, 1947 Isang Dipang Langit Luha ng Buwaya Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas at Guillermo Tolentino, 1973 iba Pang Kuwento ni Amado V. - A product of the Revival period in the Hernandez, Philippine art Magkabilang Mukha ng Isang Bagol - Appointed as professor at the UP at iba pang Akda ni Amado V. School of Fine Arts Hernandez. - He also designed the gold and bronze medals for the Ramon Magsaysay FASHION DESIGN Award (highest civilian award in the whole Asia) and did the seal of the Ramon Valera, 2006 Republic of the Philippines. - “Tito Ramuning" - Notable Works - Given the country its visual icon to the UP Oblation (original: UP Manila world via the terno (simplified version then nalipat sa UPD) of Maria Clara’s dress) Bonifacio Monument (Bonifacio: - Valera constructed the terno’s butterfly representative of the masses) sleeves, giving them a solid, built-in but hidden support. To the world, the LITERATURE butterfly sleeves became the terno’s defining feature. Bienvenido Lumbera, 2006 - Poet, Librettist, and Scholar Salvacion Lim-Higgins, 2022 - Bagay poetry, a landmark aesthetic - Known to the fashion world as tendency that has helped to change “Slim’s”, is credited for having masterly the vernacular poetic tradition. innovated on and transformed the - Works “national costume” into a world-class silhouette. Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems - She modernized the look of the terno, in Filipino and English), 1993 inflecting it with an apparent feminine Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002  sensibility, ushering it to an exciting music, music for violin and piano, and post-war era. songs for solo voice. - She founded her own fashion design Felipe Padilla De Leon, 1997 school, the Slim’s Fashion and Arts - Composer, conductor, and scholar, School Filipinized western music forms. - De Leon’s musical compositions have DANCE become the full expression of the sentiments and aspirations of the Francisca Reyes Aquino, 1973 Filipino in times of strife and of peace, - “Lola Kikay” making him the epitome of a people’s - Folk Dance Pioneer musician. - Began her research on folk dances in - Works the 1920s making trips to remote Mariana Makiling Overture (1939) barrios in Central and Northern Luzon Roca Encantada, symphonic legend - Only by annotating and drawing (1950) Maynila - Philippine Folk Dances and Games, Overture (1976) 1926 (book) Orchesterstuk (1981) - In the 1940s, she served as supervisor Choral music like Payapang of physical education at the Bureau of Daigdig (1946-our first Christmas as Education (now DepEd) a liberated country. He went to see She included learning in school the the ruins of the war and there he different folk dances. wrote the lyrics of Payapang Daigdig) Ako’y Pilipino, Lupang Tinubuan, Ramon Obusan, 2006 Ama Namin; and songs Bulaklak, - Dancer, choreographer, stage designer, Alitaptap, and Mutya ng Lahi. and artistic director - He was also acknowledged as a THEATRE researcher, archivist and documentary filmmaker who broadened and Salvador Bernal, 2003 deepened the Filipino understanding of - “Sir Badong” his own cultural life and expressions. - Designed more than 300 productions - Founded the Ramon Obusan Folkloric distinguished for their originality Group. - Pioneering or maximizing the use of - Used a camera and video recorder. bamboo, raw abaca, and abaca fiber, hemp twine, rattan chain links, and MUSIC gauze cache. - Bernal shared his skills with younger Lucio San Pedro, 1991 designers through his classes at the - “Maestro Lucio” University of the Philippines and the - Master composer, conductor, and Ateneo Manila University, and through teacher whose music evokes the folk the programs he created for the CCP elements of the Filipino heritage Production Design Center which he - Body of works includes band music, himself conceptualized and organized. concertos for violin and orchestra, choral works, cantatas, chamber  Antonio Mabesa, 2022 - “Sir Tony” - Mabesa is a director, actor, and teacher. - He greatly contributed to the growth and diversity of Philippine theater. - Established the theater education in the Philippines in UPD. - Founded Dulaang UP in 1976, UP Playwrights Theater, and established theatre education in UP Diliman. - He was the Metropolitan Theater’s Theater Director in 1978. 2022 - last time national artists were awarded. June 30, 2024 - Nomination for the next batch of national artists