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# Chemical Thermodynamics ## 5.1 Scope of Thermodynamics ### Thermodynamics Deals with energy changes in macroscopic systems and is useful for: - Predicting the feasibility of a process. - Establishing relationships between properties. ### Limitations - Does not deal with rates of proces...

# Chemical Thermodynamics ## 5.1 Scope of Thermodynamics ### Thermodynamics Deals with energy changes in macroscopic systems and is useful for: - Predicting the feasibility of a process. - Establishing relationships between properties. ### Limitations - Does not deal with rates of processes. - Focuses on equilibrium states. - Deals with macroscopic properties, not molecular behavior. ## 5.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions ### The System Part of the universe under study. ### Surroundings The rest of the universe. ### Types of Systems - **Open:** Exchanges both matter and energy. - **Closed:** Exchanges energy, but not matter. - **Isolated:** Exchanges neither matter nor energy. ### Properties of a System #### Intensive Properties Independent of the amount of substance (e.g., temperature, pressure, density). #### Extensive Properties Dependent on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume). ### State of a System Defined by the values of its properties. ### State Variables Variables that define the state of a system. ### Equilibrium State Properties have definite, unchanging values. ### Types of Equilibrium - **Thermal:** Uniform temperature. - **Mechanical:** Uniform pressure. - **Chemical:** Uniform chemical potential. ### Processes #### Isothermal Constant temperature. #### Isobaric Constant pressure. #### Isochoric Constant volume. #### Adiabatic No heat exchange. #### Cyclic Initial and final states are the same. #### Reversible Process can be reversed by an infinitesimal change. #### Irreversible Process cannot be reversed.