arduino_tutorial.pdf

About the Tutorial Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used...

About the Tutorial Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board. Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package. Audience This tutorial is intended for enthusiastic students or hobbyists. With Arduino, one can get to know the basics of micro-controllers and sensors very quickly and can start building prototype with very little investment. Prerequisites Before you start proceeding with this tutorial, we assume that you are already familiar with the basics of C and C++. If you are not well aware of these concepts, then we will suggest you go through our short tutorials on C and C++. A basic understanding of microcontrollers and electronics is also expected. Copyright & Disclaimer  Copyright 2016 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected] i Table of Contents About the Tutorial............................................................................................................................................ i Audience........................................................................................................................................................... i Prerequisites..................................................................................................................................................... i Copyright & Disclaimer..................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................ ii ARDUINO – BASICS...................................................................................................................... 1 Arduino – Overview.................................................................................................................................. 2 Board Types..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Arduino – Board Description..................................................................................................................... 6 Arduino – Installation............................................................................................................................... 9 Arduino – Program Structure.................................................................................................................. 17 Arduino – Data Types.............................................................................................................................. 19 void................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Boolean.......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Char............................................................................................................................................................... 20 unsigned char................................................................................................................................................ 21 byte................................................................................................................................................................ 21 int 21 Unsigned int.................................................................................................................................................. 21 Word.............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Long............................................................................................................................................................... 22 unsigned long................................................................................................................................................ 22 short.............................................................................................................................................................. 22 float............................................................................................................................................................... 22 double............................................................................................................................................................ 23 Arduino – Variables & Constants............................................................................................................ 24 What is Variable Scope?................................................................................................................................ 24 Arduino – Operators............................................................................................................................... 26 Arithmetic Operators..................................................................................................................................... 26 Comparison Operators.................................................................................................................................. 27 Boolean Operators........................................................................................................................................ 29 Bitwise Operators.......................................................................................................................................... 30 Compound Operators.................................................................................................................................... 31 Arduino – Control Statements................................................................................................................. 33 if statement.................................................................................................................................................. 34 If …else statement........................................................................................................................................ 35 if…else if …else statement............................................................................................................................. 37 Switch Case Statement.................................................................................................................................. 39 Conditional Operator ? :................................................................................................................................ 41 Rules of Conditional Operator....................................................................................................................... 41 Arduino – Loops...................................................................................................................................... 42 ii  while loop...................................................................................................................................................... 42 do…while loop............................................................................................................................................... 43 for loop.......................................................................................................................................................... 44 Nested Loop.................................................................................................................................................. 45 Infinite loop................................................................................................................................................... 45 Arduino - Functions................................................................................................................................. 47 Function Declaration..................................................................................................................................... 48 Arduino – Strings.................................................................................................................................... 51 String Character Arrays.................................................................................................................................. 51 Manipulating String Arrays............................................................................................................................ 52 Functions to Manipulate String Arrays.......................................................................................................... 54 Array Bounds................................................................................................................................................. 58 Arduino – String Object........................................................................................................................... 59 What is an Object?........................................................................................................................................ 59 When to Use a String Object......................................................................................................................... 61 Arduino – Time....................................................................................................................................... 62 delay() function............................................................................................................................................. 62 delayMicroseconds() function....................................................................................................................... 63 millis() function.............................................................................................................................................. 63 micros() function........................................................................................................................................... 64 Arduino – Arrays..................................................................................................................................... 66 Declaring Arrays............................................................................................................................................ 67 Examples Using Arrays.................................................................................................................................. 67 Arduino – Passing Arrays to Functions.......................................................................................................... 70 Multidimensional Arrays............................................................................................................................... 73 ARDUINO – FUNCTION LIBRARIES............................................................................................. 78 Arduino – I/O Functions.......................................................................................................................... 79 Pins Configured as INPUT.............................................................................................................................. 79 Pull-up Resistors............................................................................................................................................ 79 Pins Configured as OUTPUT........................................................................................................................... 80 pinMode() Function....................................................................................................................................... 80 digitalWrite() Function.................................................................................................................................. 81 analogRead( ) function.................................................................................................................................. 82 Arduino – Advanced I/O Function........................................................................................................... 84 analogReference() Function.......................................................................................................................... 84 Arduino – Character Functions................................................................................................................ 86 Examples........................................................................................................................................................ 87 Arduino – Math Library........................................................................................................................... 93 Library Macros............................................................................................................................................... 93 Library Functions........................................................................................................................................... 95 Example......................................................................................................................................................... 99 Arduino – Trigonometric Functions....................................................................................................... 101 iii ARDUINO ─ ADVANCED........................................................................................................... 102 Arduino – Due & Zero........................................................................................................................... 103 Arduino Zero................................................................................................................................................ 104 Arduino – Pulse Width Modulation....................................................................................................... 106 Basic Principle of PWM................................................................................................................................ 106 analogWrite() Function................................................................................................................................ 107 Arduino – Random Numbers................................................................................................................. 109 randomSeed (seed)..................................................................................................................................... 109 random( )..................................................................................................................................................... 109 Bits............................................................................................................................................................... 110 Bytes............................................................................................................................................................ 110 Arduino – Interrupts............................................................................................................................. 112 Types of Interrupts...................................................................................................................................... 113 Arduino – Communication.................................................................................................................... 115 Parallel Communication.............................................................................................................................. 115 Serial Communication Modules.................................................................................................................. 115 Types of Serial Communications................................................................................................................. 116 Arduino UART.............................................................................................................................................. 117 Arduino – Inter Integrated Circuit......................................................................................................... 119 Board I2C Pins.............................................................................................................................................. 119 Arduino I2C.................................................................................................................................................. 119 Master Transmitter / Slave Receiver........................................................................................................... 120 Master Receiver / Slave Transmitter........................................................................................................... 121 Arduino – Serial Peripheral Interface.................................................................................................... 123 Board SPI Pins.............................................................................................................................................. 123 SPI as MASTER............................................................................................................................................. 124 SPI as SLAVE................................................................................................................................................. 125 ARDUINO – PROJECTS............................................................................................................. 127 Arduino – Blinking LED.......................................................................................................................... 128 Arduino – Fading LED........................................................................................................................... 132 Arduino – Reading Analog Voltage........................................................................................................ 137 Arduino – LED Bar Graph....................................................................................................................... 141 Arduino – Keyboard Logout.................................................................................................................. 145 Arduino – Keyboard Message............................................................................................................... 151 Arduino – Mouse Button Control.......................................................................................................... 154 Arduino – Keyboard Serial.................................................................................................................... 158 iv ARDUINO ─ SENSORS.............................................................................................................. 161 Arduino – Humidity Sensor................................................................................................................... 162 Arduino – Temperature Sensor............................................................................................................. 168 Arduino – Water Detector / Sensor....................................................................................................... 171 Arduino – PIR Sensor............................................................................................................................ 174 Arduino – Ultrasonic Sensor.................................................................................................................. 179 Arduino – Connecting Switch................................................................................................................ 183 ARDUINO ─ MOTOR CONTROL................................................................................................ 187 Arduino – DC Motor.............................................................................................................................. 188 Motor Speed Control................................................................................................................................... 190 Spin Direction Control................................................................................................................................. 192 Arduino – Servo Motor......................................................................................................................... 196 Arduino – Stepper Motor...................................................................................................................... 201 ARDUINO AND SOUND............................................................................................................ 205 Arduino – Tone Library......................................................................................................................... 206 Arduino – Wireless Communication...................................................................................................... 212 Arduino – Network Communication...................................................................................................... 217 v Arduino – Basics 6  ARDUINO – OVERVIEW Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board. The key features are:  Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many other actions.  You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).  Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can simply use a USB cable.  Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program.  Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro- controller into a more accessible package. 7 Board Types Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different microcontrollers used. However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common: they are programed through the Arduino IDE. The differences are based on the number of inputs and outputs (the number of sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use on a single board), speed, operating voltage, form factor etc. Some boards are designed to be embedded and have no programming interface (hardware), which you would need to buy separately. Some can run directly from a 3.7V battery, others need at least 5V. 8 Here is a list of different Arduino boards available. Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller Board Operating Clock Digital Analog Programming PWM UART Name Volt Speed i/o Inputs Interface Arduino Uno USB via 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 R3 ATMega16U2 Arduino Uno USB via 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 R3 SMD ATMega16U2 Red Board 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via FTDI FTDI- Arduino Pro 3.3V 8 MHz 14 6 6 1 Compatible 3.3v/8 MHz Header FTDI- Arduino Pro 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 Compatible 5V/16MHz Header FTDI- Arduino mini 5V 16MHz 14 8 6 1 Compatible 05 Header Arduino Pro FTDI- mini 3.3V 8MHz 14 8 6 1 Compatible 3.3v/8mhz Header Arduino Pro FTDI- mini 5V 16MHz 14 8 6 1 Compatible 5v/16mhz Header FTDI- Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 Compatible Ethernet Header FTDI- Arduino Fio 3.3V 8MHz 14 8 6 1 Compatible Header LilyPad FTDI- Arduino 328 3.3V 8MHz 14 6 6 1 Compatible main board Header LilyPad FTDI- Arduino 3.3V 8MHz 9 4 5 0 Compatible simply board Header Arduino boards based on ATMEGA32u4 microcontroller Operating Clock Digital Analog Programming Board Name PWM UART Volt Speed i/o Inputs Interface 9 Arduino 5V 16MHz 20 12 7 1 Native USB Leonardo Pro micro 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 Native USB 5V/16MHz Pro micro 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 Native USB 3.3V/8MHz LilyPad 3.3V 8MHz 14 6 6 1 Native USB Arduino USB Arduino boards based on ATMEGA2560 microcontroller Board Operating Clock Digital Analog Programming PWM UART Name Volt Speed i/o Inputs Interface Arduino USB via Mega 2560 5V 16MHz 54 16 14 4 ATMega16U2 R3 FTDI- Mega Pro 3.3V 8MHz 54 16 14 4 Compatible 3.3V Header FTDI- Mega Pro 5V 16MHz 54 16 14 4 Compatible 5V Header Mega Pro FTDI- Mini 3.3V 8MHz 54 16 14 4 Compatible 3.3V Header Arduino boards based on AT91SAM3X8E microcontroller Board Operating Clock Digital Analog Programming PWM UART Name Volt Speed i/o Inputs Interface Arduino 3.3V 84MHz 54 12 12 4 USB native Due 10  ARDUINO – BOARD DESCRIPTION In this chapter, we will learn about the different components on the Arduino board. We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most Arduinos have majority of these components in common. Power USB 11 Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1). Power (Barrel Jack) Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2). Voltage Regulator The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. Crystal Oscillator The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz. Arduino Reset You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5). Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)  3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 output volt   5V (7): Supply 5 output volt   Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.   GND (8)(Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.   Vin (9): This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source, like AC mains power supply.  12  Analog pins The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor. Main microcontroller Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet. ICSP pin Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus. Power LED indicator This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection. TX and RX LEDs On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process. Digital I / O The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic 13 values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM. AREF AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins. 14  ARDUINO – INSTALLATION After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how to set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the Arduino board. In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable. Step 1: First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a USB cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would connect to a USB printer as shown in the following image. In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B cable instead as shown in the following image. Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software. 15 You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file. Step 3: Power up your board. The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you are using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labeled PWR) should glow. Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE. After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe). Double-click the icon to start the IDE. 16 Step 5: Open your first project. Once the software starts, you have two options:  Create a new project.  Open an existing project example. 17 To create a new project, select File --> New. To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink. 18 Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list. Step 6: Select your Arduino board. To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer. Go to Tools -> Board and select your board. 19  End of ebook preview If you liked what you saw… Buy it from our store @ https://store.tutorialspoint.com 20