Arduino Projects and IDE (PDF)

Arduino Lab Eng: Eman Salem What is Arduino? Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of:  Hardware: A microcontroller (small computer) on a board with input/output pins that can interface with various electronic compo...

Arduino Lab Eng: Eman Salem What is Arduino? Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of:  Hardware: A microcontroller (small computer) on a board with input/output pins that can interface with various electronic components such as sensors, motors, and LEDs.  Software: The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which allows you to write and upload code (called "sketches") to the board. Common Arduino Boards : Uno, Nano, Mega 1. Arduino Uno Key Features: The Arduino Uno is the most Microcontroller: ATmega328P (or popular and widely used Arduino ATmega168 in older versions) board. It’s ideal for beginners due Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 PWM outputs) to its balance of simplicity and Analog Input Pins: 8 functionality. Operating Voltage: 5V Typical Uses: Basic to Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P) intermediate projects like USB Connection: Mini-USB (Type B) controlling LEDs, sensors, motors, and more. Programming Interface: Arduino IDE via USB Power Supply Options: USB or external (6-12V) Common Arduino Boards : Uno, Nano, Mega 2. Arduino Nano Key Features: The Arduino Nano is a smaller, more Microcontroller: ATmega328P compact version of the Uno. It’s often used Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 can be when space is a concern in a project. It has used as PWM outputs) similar functionality to the Uno but is Analog Input Pins: 6 designed for breadboards. Operating Voltage: 5V Typical Uses: Compact projects where Flash Memory: 32 KB space is limited, wearable devices, portable USB Connection: Yes (Type B) electronics, and breadboard prototyping. Programming Interface: Arduino IDE via USB Power Supply Options: USB or external power (7-12V) Common Arduino Boards : Uno, Nano, Mega 1. Arduino Mega Key Features: The Arduino Mega is designed  Microcontroller: ATmega2560 for more complex projects  Digital I/O Pins: 54 (15 PWM requiring more I/O pins, larger outputs) memory, and higher processing  Analog Input Pins: 16 power. It’s commonly used in  Operating Voltage: 5V projects involving large numbers  Flash Memory: 256 KB of sensors, displays, or communication modules.  USB Connection: Yes (Type B) Typical Uses: Advanced  Programming Interface: projects like robotics, Arduino IDE via USB automation systems, large  external power (7-12V) sensor networks, and IoT applications with multiple modules or displays. Arduino IDE The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the primary tool for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards. It is designed to be beginner-friendly but powerful enough for more complex projects. The IDE provides a simple interface to program Arduino boards using a language similar to C/C++. Key Features of the Arduino IDE 1. Code Editor: o The main area where you write your Arduino programs (known as sketches). o It supports basic code formatting, syntax highlighting, and automatic indentation. o Sketches are saved with the.ino file extension. Key Features of the Arduino IDE 1. Sketch Structure: A basic Arduino sketch has two main parts: o setup(): Runs once when the board is powered or reset. It's used to initialize settings (e.g., pin modes, communication setups). o loop(): Repeats continuously after setup(). It's where the main program logic is executed. Key Features of the Arduino IDE 1. Toolbar: o Verify/Compile: Checks the code for errors and compiles it into a format that can be uploaded to the board. o Upload: Uploads the compiled sketch to the connected Arduino board. o New, Open, Save: Basic file handling options for sketches. o Serial Monitor: Opens a separate window to monitor and communicate with the board via serial communication (useful for debugging or displaying sensor data).  Selecting the Board and Port in Arduino IDE1. Choose the Correct Board TypeGo to the Tools menu Key Features.Select Board > Arduino Uno (or your specific board model). of the Select the Port for Your Device Arduino IDE in the Tools menu, navigate to Port. Choose the port your Arduino is connected to (e.g., COM3). Verify Board and Port Selection Ensure both the Board and Port match your Arduino device. This setup is essential for uploading code successfully.  1. Libraries: Key Features o Arduino offers a large collection of built-in and third- party libraries that extend the functionality of your of the code (e.g., for handling sensors, displays, and communication protocols). Arduino IDE o Libraries can be added from the Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries menu.  1. Serial Monitor and Serial Plotter: Key Features o Serial Monitor: Allows you to send and receive text data from the Arduino board via serial communication. of the This is useful for debugging and monitoring data (e.g., sensor readings). Arduino IDE o Serial Plotter: Graphically displays real-time data coming from the Arduino (e.g., plotting temperature values).  1. Debugging: o The IDE provides basic debugging Key Features using Serial.print() statements, which of the allows you to print messages to the Serial Monitor. This is a simple but Arduino IDE effective way to check variables, sensor values, or control flow in your program. Functions pinMode(pin, mode); digitalRead() Purpose: Configures the specified pin to behave as an input, output, or input with a pull-up resistor. Syntax: pinMode(pin, mode); Input: pin: The pin number you want to configure. mode: The mode to set for the pin, which can be: INPUT: Configures the pin to read external signals. OUTPUT: Configures the pin to send signals. INPUT_PULLUP: Configures the pin as input with an internal pull-up resistor enabled. Use Case:Essential for defining how a digital pin interacts with external components like LEDs, switches, or sensors. Ensures the pin behaves correctly as an input or output in your circuit. Functions digitalRead(pin); digitalRead() Purpose: Reads the state (HIGH or LOW) of a digital pin. Syntax: digitalRead(pin); Input: The pin number to read from. Output: Returns HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V) based on whether the pin receives a HIGH or LOW voltage. Use Case: Useful for reading digital inputs like buttons or sensors that only have two states (on/off). Functions digitalWrite(pin, value); digitalWrite() Purpose: Sets a digital pin to a HIGH or LOW state. Syntax: digitalWrite(pin, value); Input: The pin number and the value (HIGH or LOW). Output: None, but it changes the pin's state. Use Case: Commonly used to turn LEDs on or off, activate relays, or control other digital devices. Functions analogRead(pin); analogRead() Purpose: Reads the analog voltage on an analog pin and converts it to a digital value. Syntax: analogRead(pin); Input: The analog pin number (e.g., A0, A1). Output: Returns an integer value between 0 and 1023, representing the input voltage between 0V and 5V. Use Case: Used for reading analog sensors like potentiometers, temperature sensors, and light sensors. Functions analogWrite(pin, value); analogWrite() (PWM) Purpose: Writes an analog-like output using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to a digital pin. Syntax: analogWrite(pin, value); Input: The pin number (supports PWM pins) and a value between 0 and 255, where 0 is fully off and 255 is fully on. Output: None, but it simulates varying voltages. Use Case: Controls LED brightness, motor speed, and other devices that can vary intensity or power. Only works on PWM- enabled pins (marked with ~ on most Arduinos). Led Blinking  PWM is a technique used to What is control the power delivered to electrical devices by modulating Pulse Width the width of the pulses in a Modulation square wave. ? It's used in digital systems to simulate an analog signal. Common applications include motor control, LED dimming, and sound generation. How PWM Works? Square Wave: A signal that alternates between HIGH (on) and LOW (off). Duty Cycle: The percentage of time the signal stays HIGH during each cycle. Frequency: How often the signal switches between HIGH and LOW.  Duty cycle determines the average power delivered to the load. A higher duty cycle means more power (e.g., brighter LED, faster motor). A lower duty cycle means less power. Duty Cycle A higher duty cycle means a higher average voltage applied to the device. Example: 50% duty cycle results in half of the supply voltage being applied to the load. Formula: Duty Cycle = (Time High / Total Period) × 100  A servo motor is a type of motor that can be precisely controlled in terms of angular position, speed, and acceleration. It consists of a small DC motor, a gear train, and a feedback system (often a potentiometer) that ensures the motor stops at the desired position. Types of Servo Motors Servo 1.Standard Servo Motor: Commonly used Motor in applications where a specific angle is required (e.g., robotics, RC vehicles). 2.Continuous Rotation Servo: Can rotate in either direction indefinitely, often used for controlling speed and direction. 3.Micro Servo: Smaller and often used in compact projects like drones or small robots. How Input Signal: Servo motors use a PWM Servo signal to control the position of the motor shaft. Motors The PWM signal’s pulse width Work determines the motor's position. Position Control: Typically, a 1ms pulse sets the motor to the 0° position, a 1.5ms pulse sets it to the 90° position, and a 2ms pulse sets it to the 180° position. Feedback Loop: The servo continuously adjusts to reach the requested position, making it an accurate positioning device. Applications Simple Led Plinking App. Control Led Plinking using Push button. Traffic Sign Application. Show the value of the Potentiometer on the serial Monitor. Use a Potentiometer as An analoge Input. Servo Motor control using Potentiometer.