Architecture PDF

Architecture Architecture The word "architecture" comes from the Latin architectura and that from Greek (architecton), "master builder", from the combination of (archi-), "chief" or "leader" and (tekton), a "builder" or "carpenter“. Architecture is the making of beautiful buildings. Buildings shou...

Architecture Architecture The word "architecture" comes from the Latin architectura and that from Greek (architecton), "master builder", from the combination of (archi-), "chief" or "leader" and (tekton), a "builder" or "carpenter“. Architecture is the making of beautiful buildings. Buildings should embody three important elements: plan, construction and design (Caslib Jr. et. al., 2018) According to Sanchez et.al.(2012): Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures. Varied materials used include stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and plaster. Architecture is often referred to as the “mother of the arts” because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art such as painting, sculpture, interior design, landscape architecture, and city planning.  ARTS 1100 (Art Appreciation) De Architectura is the earliest written work on the subject of architecture by the Roman architect VITRUVIUS. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles: 1. Durability 2. Utility 3. Beauty In planning any building, consider the following: 1. Purpose or functions 2. Site/location 3. Climate 4. Materials Types of Architecture Alan Gowans categorized architectures into several types (Pagay, 2012): 1. Monuments or Tombs This type of architecture commemorates the past of a society such as the Iwo Jima monument at Arlington National Cemetery or the rants tomb in New York. 2. Shrines and Sanctuaries These are places of ceremonies and rituals, binding a community together such as the National Cathedral in Washington D.C, on your hometown, or church or synagogue. 3. Walls and Forts They serve as protection against attacks like the “Great Wall of China”. 4. Shelters They provide the basic protection against the elements such as sun, rain and wind (e.g., barn for animals, bus shelter or grain silo) 5. Homesteads They provide an individual an ideal space to raise family, your family’s house. 6. Palaces Page 2 of 7  ARTS 1100 (Art Appreciation) These the living and the working space for rulers such as the Buckingham Palace, Versailles or the United States Capitol; a place where government meets the people. 7. Public Works These are foundations of civilized life, such as windmills, roads bridges, water works the railroads and subways, airport, terminals and etc. 8. Mansions They are large homesteads that include servants. 9. Shops and Offices These structures facilitate for disturbing goods or services such as Village’s general store to the mall of America outside Minneapolis, or the Chicago mercantile exchange. 10. Amenities They are places for community welfare and recreation, such as hospitals, orphanages, libraries, museums, institutional housing like nursing homes, fairgrounds, or union hall. Elements of Architecture (Pagay, 2012) 1. Content This element is the subject matter of architecture. 2. Space and Mass The two arts in which space is of great importance are architecture and painting. Architecture is primarily in art of space. 3. Composition The organization of the whole out of its parts, the conception of single elements, the interrelating of these elements, and the relating of them to the total form. 4. Scale and Proportion Page 3 of 7  ARTS 1100 (Art Appreciation) Both have to do with size. Scale means size in relation to a standard or “normal” size. Proportion refers to size relationships between parts of a whole, or between two or more items perceived as a unit. 5. Light It is a necessity for sight and, in architecture, a utility. But light is also a powerful, though ephemeral, a vehicle of expression. 6. Texture It refers to the way objects feel to the touch. Texture plays a dual role in architecture: it expresses something of the quality of materials and it gives a particular quality to light. 7. Color It is a constant feature of architecture. It includes pigments which usually preserve the texture of the original surface, and veneers of wood and a variety of manufactured product that entirely alter the surface character. 8. Environment The architect aims to create harmonies with preexisting elements in the landscape and townscape. The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its attacks. 9. Form Form is not only the physical shape, size, and mass of a work are meant, but also all the elements that contribute to the work’s aesthetic structure and composition. Architectural Materials 1. Stone Its advantages are durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment, and the fact that it can be used in modest structures in its natural state. 2. Brick Compares favorably with stone as a structural material for its fine and weather resisting qualities and for the ease of production, transportation, and laying. Page 4 of 7  ARTS 1100 (Art Appreciation) Bricks maybe used in construction only in conjunction with mortar, since the unit is too small, too light and too irregular to be stabilized by weight. 3. Wood It’s easier to acquire, transport, and work than other natural materials. All parts of a building can be efficiently constructed of wood except foundations; its advantage is susceptibility to fire, mold, and termites. 4. Iron and Steel The most important innovation in architecture since ancient times. These methods provide far stronger and taller structures with less expenditure of material than stone, brick, or wood and can produce greater unsupported spans over openings and interior or exterior spaces. 5. Concrete Concrete is a manufactured mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and stones, which hardens rapidly by chemical combination to a stone like, water and fire-resisting solid of great compressive (but low tensile) strength. Famous Filipino Architects The architecture of the Philippines reflects the country’s complex cultural identity. First colonized by Spain, then Japan and finally America, Filipinos joke that they spent 400 years in a convent, five in a prison camp, and 45 in Hollywood. This complexity finds its creative expression in the work of these famous post-war architects, whose vision simultaneously captured the country’s history while looking towards the region’s future (Naji, 2008). ⮚ Juan F. Nakpil- The son of veterans of the Philippine Revolution, Juan Nakpil was committed to the belief that architecture built in the Philippines should reflect its culture and people. Page 5 of 7  ARTS 1100 (Art Appreciation) National Artist for Architecture,1973 Major Works: Rizal Shrines in Calamba Laguna, Quezon Hall, University of the Philippines, Gonzales Hall, Philippine Village Hotel, Manila Rizal Theaters, Makati SSS Building, Quezon City Rufino Building and etc. ⮚ Leandro Locsin was in some ways a quintessential Renaissance man. A brilliant architect, interior designer, artist, and classically trained pianist, Locsin was also a keen art collector, amassing a sizable collection of fine Chinese art and ceramics during his lifetime. It is for his buildings, however, that he is remembered. From airport terminals to memorial chapels, arts centers to stock exchange structures, Locsin left his mark on the urban landscape of the Philippines. National Artist for Architecture,1990 Major Works: Cultural Center of the Philippines, Folks Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention Center in Manila, Sofitel Philippine Plaza (Western Philippine Plaza), Philippine Pavilion in Osaka Japan and Manila International Airport (NAIA Terminal I) ⮚ Pablo S. Antonio- One of the first exponents of modernist architecture in the Philippines, Pablo Antonio is revered as a pioneer and the foremost architect of his time. National Artist for Architecture, 1976 Major Works: Far Eastern University (in the late 1930’s), Life Theater in Quezon Blvd. in Manila and Galaxy Theater ⮚ Idelfonso P. Santos Jr.- The father of Philippine landscape architecture, Ildefonso Paez Santos, or IP Santos as he was known, created some of the best loved urban spaces in the Philippines. Landscape architecture, which deals with Page 6 of 7  ARTS 1100 (Art Appreciation) parks, plazas, and green spaces, was a little-considered element of urban planning in the first half of the 20th century. National Artist for Architecture, 2006 Major Works: Cultural Center of the Philippines, Manila Hotel, San Miguel Cooperation Building, Nayong Filipino, Paco Park, Rizal Park, Loyola Memorial Park and Tagaytay Highlands Golf and club. SUGGESTED VIDEO LINKS: “Art in Architecture” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5-URMpDaE0 Suggested Video Links: “Art in Architecture” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5-URMpDaE0 References: Caslib Jr., B., Garing, D. C., & Casaul, J. R. (2018). Art Appreciation. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc. Pagay, J.B.(2012). Engagement with the Aesthetic: Introduction to Humanities. Central Luzon State University. Sanchez, C. A., Abad, P. F., Jao, L. V., & Sanchez, R. A. (2012). Introduction to the Humanities. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. Sayseng, A. H., & Sandagan, L. D. (2016). Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. Maniila: JFS Publishing Services. END Page 7 of 7