Archaeal Structures - General Microbiology, Spring 2025 PDF

Archaeal Cell Structures General Microbiology, Spring 2025 Learning Objectives Compare and Contrast Archaea and Bacteria in terms of Shape Plasma membrane composition Cell wall composition Ribosome size and composition Chromosome structure Presence of inclusion...

Archaeal Cell Structures General Microbiology, Spring 2025 Learning Objectives Compare and Contrast Archaea and Bacteria in terms of Shape Plasma membrane composition Cell wall composition Ribosome size and composition Chromosome structure Presence of inclusions and plasmids Motility rganisms are classified into three domains 3. Eukarya 1. Bacteria Fungi Animals Mitochondria 2. Amebae Cyanobacteria Archaea Slime molds Plants Ciliates Extreme Proteobacteria halophiles Green Chloroplasts Methanogens algae Dinoflagellates Hyperthermophiles Diatoms Gram-positive bacteria Genetic, and Euglenozoa genomic analyses Thermotoga Giardia have shown that Bacteria and Horizontal gene transfer occurred within the Archaea are community of early cells. Nucleoplasm grows larger Archaea general characteristics Characteristics Cell Size Microscopic - 1-5μm Cell Number Usually unicellular Cell Structure “Prokaryotic” Cell Wall Lacks Peptidoglycan Examples of Archaea Methanobrevibacter Halobacterium salinarumSulfolobus smithii Acidocaldarius Thermophile Methanogen Halophile Acidophile Archaea are extremophiles and can live under harsh conditions Huma ns Bacteri a Archae a Archaeal shapes (that we know of) Most common archaeal Other shapes: shapes: Cocci Bacilli (rod) Roughly sphericalRod shaped Observed shapes similar to bacterial shapes Unique archaeal shapes Bacteria and archaeal cells have many similarities Property Bacteria Archaea Inclusions? Yes Yes Ribosome 70S 70S size Chromosome Circular, Circular Mostly structure some linear similar Plasmids? Yes, circular Yes, circular and linear Bacteria and archaeal cells have many differences Property Bacteria Archaea Plasma membrane Ester-linked Glycerol diethers, lipids phospholipids tetraethers Bacteria and archaeal cells differ in plasma membrane composition Ether linkage resistant to chemical attacks and heat Bacteria and archaeal cells differ in plasma membrane composition Ether linkage resistant to chemical attacks and heat Isoprene hydrocarbons affects fluidity and permeability Bacteria and archaeal cells differ in plasma membrane composition Archaea can have a Bacteria have a lipid lipid bilayer or bilayer monolayer Bacteria and archaeal cells have many differences Property Bacteria Archaea Plasma membrane Ester-linked Glycerol diethers, lipids phospholipids tetraethers Cell wall peptidoglycan Highly diverse, no constituents peptidoglycan  Archaea have diverse cell envelopes S- Protein Polysacchar Pseudomur layer Sheath ide ein Protein or Carbohydrate glycoprotein beneath S layer Archaea that lack an S-layer Polysacchar Slime Intermembrane ide Layer compartment Bacteria and archaeal cells have many differences Property Bacteria Archaea Plasma membrane Ester-linked Glycerol diethers, lipids phospholipids tetraethers Cell wall peptidoglycan Highly diverse, no constituents peptidoglycan Motility structure Flagellum Archaellum  Archaea have archaellum instead of flagellum Differences from flagella Filament Thinner Not hollow Proteins similar to pilus ATP powered rotation Functions are similar to flagella, but archaea do not run/tumble Bacteria and archaeal cells have many differences Property Bacteria Archaea Plasma membrane Ester-linked Glycerol diethers, lipids phospholipids tetraethers Cell wall peptidoglycan Highly diverse, no constituents peptidoglycan Motility structure Flagellum Archaellum Ribosome Proteins and rRNA rRNA nucleotide components differences Proteins homologous to eukaryotes Groups of Archaeal Ribosomal Proteins The archaeal ribosomal proteins can be sorted into three groups: 1 2 3 Eukaryotes Eukaryot Eukaryot es es Archaea Bacteria Archae Bacteri Archae Archa Bacteri a a aea a Observed Those Those only across all observed in observed in three archaea and Archaea domains eukaryotes Groups of Archaeal Ribosomal Proteins There are no ribosomal proteins present in only archaea and bacteria. No Eukaryot overlappin es g proteins Archae Bacteri a a No overlappin g proteins A microbiologist conducts an experiment comparing two isolated strains, one labeled "X" and the other "Y." The following observations were made: 1. Neither strain appears to be susceptible to penicillin. 2. Analysis of genetic material reveals that strain “X” has linear DNA and circular plasmids 3. “Y” has circular DNA and circular plasmids. 4. “Y” has ribosomal proteins that are homologous to eukaryotes What organisms are “X” and “Y”? A. X = gram negative bacterium; Y = gram positive bacterium B. X = gram positive bacterium; Y = gram negative bacterium C. X = gram negative bacterium; Y = archaea D.X = Archaea; Y = gram negative bacterium E. X = Archaea; Y = gram positive bacterium