AR240 Midterm Review Sheet PDF

**Peking Man** → Subspecies of Homoerectus that inhabited Zhoukoudian cave (near Beijing) It was discovered in 1921. One of the evidence of direct ancestors of the Chinese people. **Homo erectus** → Extinct species of archaic humans from the Pleistocene. It was one of the first human ancestors to s...

**Peking Man** → Subspecies of Homoerectus that inhabited Zhoukoudian cave (near Beijing) It was discovered in 1921. One of the evidence of direct ancestors of the Chinese people. **Homo erectus** → Extinct species of archaic humans from the Pleistocene. It was one of the first human ancestors to spread throughout Eurasia. - - **Loess (huangtu 黄土) →** came from the yellow river, so it carried lots of loess soil. Major loess erosion areas in **Shanxi and Shaanxi**. It was a good building material from the late Neolithic period to now. - - - **Wu Liang Shrine (78 -151 CE) →** Jiaxiang, Shandong Province. - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **[The Three Dynasties (Sandai 三代)]** | | | | **Xia (2070 - 1600 BCE)** | | | | **Shang (1600 - 1046 BCE)** | | | | **Zhou:** | | | | **Western Zhou (1046 - 771 BCE)** | | | | **Eastern Zhou (771 - 221 BCE)** | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - **Antiquarianism →** Study of old and rare objects and their history, particularly ancient artifacts, historical sites and archives. **Traditional Antiquarianism →** Jinshixue (金石学) → The study of bronze and stone (Started during Northern Song Dynasty, 960 - 1127 BCE) Traditional approaches of Bronze includes: - - - - **Imperial Collection** (Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties) - - **Shiji by Sima Qian (145 - 86 BCE, Western Han Dynasty) "Records of the Grand Historian"** - - "When I have completed this book, I shall deposit it in the Mountain of Fame, so that it can be handed down to men who will understand it, and penetrate to the villages and great cities..." -  ***Part of the thirteen "Confucian Classics"*** **Shijing → Classic of Poetry (Book of Songs)** **Shujing → Book of Documents** **Johann Gunnar Andersson (1874 - 1960) -** One of the first foreign archaeologists that was invited to China. - **Zhoukoudian -** Cave system near Beijing - - **Yangshaocun (Neolithic)** - - **Professor Li Ji -** "Father of Chinese Archaeology" **Holocene -** given to the last 11,700 years of the Earth's history **Zhoukoudian use of fire -** One of the oldest pieces of evidence of humans using fire. -  **Upper Cave (Zhoukoudian) -** Discovery of skeletal remains (excavated in 1933-34), human remains were part of intentional burial. - - - - **Multiregional hypothesis - Spread of Modern Humans (Homo sapiens)** - **Replacement hypothesis- Spread of Modern Humans (H. sapiens)** - **Prepared cores (upper paleolithic) -** The ability to prepare a stone "core" so that when it was struck, multiple blades could be removed. These blades were used for hunting, scraping, cutting, etc. **Microblade** - - - - - **Yuchanyan site -** Early appearance of pottery. **Grinding stones -** Discovering of specialized plant processing tools are seen (during late paleolithic period) **Peiligang Culture - 7000 - 5000 BC** - **Jiahu site, Henan province (**Peiligang Culture discovery area) - - - **Hemudu Culture (4500 - 3000 BCE) In present day Jiangsu, Lower Yangtze River** - - - - **Affluent Foragers hypothesis -** Used to describe the socioeconomic conditions of prehistoric groups that adapted to temperate coastal environments (refers to complex hunter-gatherers who had more complex and interdependent social, economic, and subsistence organizations than generalized hunter-gatherers). **Paddy fields -** Origins of paddy fields can be traced back to the domestication of rice in the Yangtze River Valley around 8,000 years ago (found in Tianluoshan). **Regional Neolithic Cultures** - **"Painted Pottery Culture" -** A distinct pottery production used by the Yangshao culture. - - **Skeletal/X-Ray Style art -** Motif in Yangshao culture that might indicate shamanism ("x-ray style" art, dancing humans, "animal helpers" buried next to a shaman.) **Hongshan Culture -** Located in modern Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia (first discovered in the early 1980s) - - - - - **Niuheliang site - Area where "Goddess Temple" was found** **"Goddess Temple" -** Located at Niuheliang site, Jianping, Liaoning, a ritual complex that is made of stone platforms and has painted walls. - **Key transformations seen in Late Neolithic period** - - - - - **Chinese interaction Sphere -** Term used by K.C. Chang to denote the increasing interaction among cultures during the late Neolithic period **KC Chang -** Taiwanese archaeologist who helped to bring modern, western methods of archaeology to the study of ancient Chinese history. Also introduced new discoveries in Chinese archaeology to western audiences by translating works. - **Eggshell pottery -** Classic Longshan "eggshell"/"black" pottery - **Scapulimancy -** Process of foretelling the future by cracking shoulder blades by fire **Chengzi cemetery -** In the Yellow River valley that dates to a tradition of ancestor worship. - - **Jade: jadeite, nephrite** - - Nephrine → massive amphibole, silicate of lime and magnesia Jadeite → pyroxene; silicate of soda and alumina (harder than nepthrite but it wasn't used in East Asia until A.D. 16th century) Moh's Scale of Mineral Hardness → 6 to 7 for Jade **Jade-carving technology:** Traditional jade production tools included: Circular saw using abrasive sand to cut through the jade. **Liangzhu Culture (3400 - 2000 BCE)** - - - - **bi**  **Cong** **Fanshan site -** High-level tomb built on terrace with over 1,200 pieces of jade, stone, ceramic, ivory, etc. **Axis Mundi -** A place of connection between heavenly and the earthly realms (often a mountain or other elevated site). **Yue axe →** Bronze yue axe was a tool used for execution for human sacrifice. **Shimao site, Shaanxi province:** - - - - **Cooper-based metallurgy -** Began around 2500 BC started with copper artifacts produced back to the late Yangshao period. **Royal Clan** Legends of Royal Clan Founders Xia (Si clan) → founder Yu Shang (Zi clan) → founder Xie Zhou (Ji clan) → founder Hou Ji "Lord Millett" **Geoarchaeology at Shangqiu Project, east Henan → Understanding the formation of the regional landscape through an analysis of soil cores** **"Urban network"** **Technical aspects of mining, smelting, and casting** **Ores needed to obtain copper, tin, and lead** **Native copper, malachite, azurite, cassiterite, galena** **Piece mold casting vs. lost wax casting (describe each and recognize pros and cons)** **Mining** **Smelting** **Alloy** **Annealing** **Tonglushan** **Central Yangzi Copper Belt** **Crucible** **Slag** **Ingot** **Inlay** **Gilding** **Bronze vessel types jia, jue, ding, fang ding, dou, gu, zun, fang yi, gong** **Bernhard Karlgren** **Max Loehr** **SHANG DYNASTY:** **Shang Oracle Bones → Earliest known Chinese writing and provide insight into the development of Chinese culture and written language.** - - - - **Shang jade bladed object:** - - **Shang burial practices:** - **Primary uses of bronze in Shang** - - - - **Early Shang Civilization Project (Shangqiu Henan)** - - **Predynastic Shang -** According to the text there was 14 generations of lords from Lord Xie to the founding of the Shang under King Tang and had 8 predynastic Shang capitals **Dynastic Shang: 30 kings and 7 capitals from King Tang to King Di Xin** 7 capitals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **Yin/Yinxu (modern day Anyang)** \- Excavation began from 1928-1935 at Anyang \- There was the Xibeigang Royal Cemetery uncovered and Xiaotun Palace/Temple zone filled with oracle bone pits and also the tomb of Fu Hao (a powerful wife of Shang king Wu Ding). MAJOR CULTURES OF NEOLITHIC CHINA Yangshao Culture (5000-3000 BCE) **Yangshao Culture -** Banpo is a village site, east of Xi'an is an example of the early phase of Yangshao culture. - - - **Dawenkou Culture (5000 - 3000 BCE)** Pottery → vessel like and animal like tripod vessels (aka Ding) - - **Ercengtai (second level platform)**  - LONGSHAN CULTURE **Taosi site, Shanxi province** - - - - - - Artifacts in the burial include: jade, musical instruments, copper bells, chimestone, etc. **Violence and warfare in Longshan** - - - - - - - DIFFERENCE IN POTTERY: Yangshao → Decorated with painted designs using red and black pigments, primarily utilitarian but also ceremonial, geometric patterns and scenes of animals Dawenkou → thin walled, large, utilitarian and ceremonial, unique incised and painted decor glossy surface Longshan → black pottery (eggshell pottery)