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AQA GCSE Design & (9–1) Technology All Material Categories and...

AQA GCSE Design & (9–1) Technology All Material Categories and Systems SAMPLE CHAPTER Bryan Williams Louise Attwood Pauline Treuherz This title has been selected for an Ian Fawcett Dan Hughes Dave Larby AQA approval process. 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing 401082 All_Materials CV_SAMPLE.indd 1Sample.indd 1 22/02/2017 14:40 10:30  Build in-depth understanding and inspire your students to tackle design challenges both practically and creatively, with a textbook that delivers the Core Technical plus Specialist Technical and Design & Making Principles needed for the 2017 AQA D&T GCSE. The following print and digital resources have been selected for AQA approval processes. AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: All Material Categories and Systems 9781510401082 May 2017 Student Book AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: All Material Categories and Systems 9781510401167 June 2017 Student eTextbook AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Textile-Based Materials Student Book, 9781510401112 May 2017 AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Textile-Based Materials Student 9781510401228 June 2017 eTextbook AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Timber, Metal-Based Materials and 9781510401129 May 2017 Polymers Student Book AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Timber, Metal-Based Materials and 9781510401174 xJune 2017 Polymers Student eTextbook AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Electrical and Mechanical Systems and 9781510401105 June 2017 Components Student Book AQA GCSE (9–1) Design and Technology: Electrical and Mechanical Systems and 9781510401242 July 2017 Components Student eTextbook AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Paper and Boards Student Book 9781510401099 June 2017 AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Paper and Boards Student eTextbook 9781510401204 July 2017 To request Inspection Copies, eInspection Copies or free, no obligation 30-day Student eTextbook trials, visit: www.hoddereducation.co.ukt/gcsedesignandtechnology 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing 401082 All_Materials CV_SAMPLE.indd 2Sample.indd 2 22/02/2017 14:40 10:30  AQA GCSE Design & (9–1) Technology All Material Categories and Systems Bryan Williams Louise Attwood Pauline Treuherz Ian Fawcett Dan Hughes Dave Larby 10:30 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 1 22/02/2017 14:40  Photo credits: p.5 © Tomislav - Fotolia; p.6 © martin33 - Fotolia; p.8 © Anna Vaczi/123RF; p.9 © Alonso Aguilar Als/123RF, © Nigel Hicks/Alamy Stock Photo, © Saskia Massink - Fotolia; p.10 © Vladislav Gajic - Fotolia.com; p.11 © Doug Houghton/Alamy Stock Photo; p.13 © Stuart Aylmer/Alamy Stock Photo, © Donatas1205/123 RF; p.14 © Bryan Fisher - Fotolia.com; © Scanrail/123 RF; © Ensuper/Shutterstock Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Email [email protected] Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.co.uk ISBN: 9781510401082 © Bryan Williams, Louise Attwood, Pauline Treuherz, Ian Fawcett, Dan Hughes and Dave Larby 2017 First published in 2017 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ www.hoddereducation.co.uk Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover photo TBC Illustrations by DC Graphic Design Ltd. Typeset in 10/12 Myriad Pro Light by DC Graphic Design Ltd. Printed in TBC A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 2 22/02/2017 14:40  CONTENTS Introduction to AQA GCSE Design & Technology How to use this book 1 Core Technical Principles 1.1 New and emerging technologies xx 1.2 Energy generation and storage xx 1.3 Developments in new materials xx 1.4 Systems approach to designing xx t 1.5 Mechanical devices f 1.6 Materials and their working properties xx Core Technical Principles: Practice Questions xx ra 2 Specialist Technical Principles D 2.1 Selection of materials or components xx 2.2 Forces and stresses xx 2.3 Ecological and social footprint xx 2.4 Scales of production xx 2.5 Sources and origins xx 2.6 Using and working with materials xx 2.7 Stock forms, types and sizes xx 2.8 Specialist techniques and processes xx 2.9 Surface treatments and finishes Specialist Technical Principles: Practice Questions xx 3 Designing and Making Principles 3.1 Investigation, primary and secondary data xx 3.2 Environmental, social and economic challenge xx 3.3 The work of others xx 3.4 Design strategies xx 3.5 Communication of design ideas xx 3 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 3 22/02/2017 14:40  3.6 Prototype development xx 3.7 Selection of materials and components xx 3.8 Tolerances xx 3.9 Material management xx 3.10 Tools and equipment xx 3.11 Techniques and processes xx Designing and Making Principles: Practice Questions xx 4 Non-Exam Assessment 4.1 Non-Exam Assessment xx 5 The Written Paper t 5.1 The written paper xx f Glossaryxx a Indexxx D r 4 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 4 22/02/2017 14:40  f t 1 Core a D r Technical Principles You will need to develop a knowledge and understanding of all of the core technical principles of design and technology covered in this section. This section includes the following topics: 1.1 New and emerging technologies 1.2 Energy generation and storage 1.3 Developments in new materials 1.4 Systems approach to designing 1.5 Mechanical devices 1.6 Materials and their working properties At the end of this section you will find practice questions relating to core technical principles. 5 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 5 22/02/2017 14:40  1.2 Energy generation and storage Clear learning objectives What will I learn? for each topic explain what students need to In this topic you will learn about: know and understand. ➜ using fossil fuels for energy generation ➜ alternative energy sources: their increasing use and different types ➜ how energy is stored ➜ batteries and their advantages and disadvantages. Icons illustrate Without energy most of the things we do would be impossible. Over the last one hundred where science skills years we have become increasingly dependent on electricity and the energy sources that and knowledge can we rely on to provide it. Electricity can be produced in a number of ways. The majority of t be applied to design electricity in the United Kingdom is produced by burning fossil fuels, although an increasing f and technology. amount is produced by using alternative technologies, which rely on the use of renewable sources of energy. Non-renewable sources, such as fossil fuels, are consumed and will a eventually run out, whereas renewable sources are naturally replenished. r Fossil fuels D Traditionally, Britain has relied on Burn Heat water to Steam turns Turbines turn Electrical fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil fuel make steam turbines generators power to provide its energy. Fossil fuels were formed over millions of years from dead organisms – coal from trees, and Figure 1.2.1 Energy conversion oil and gas from marine organisms. All fuels have to be burnt to produce heat. l In electricity generation the heat is used to convert water into steam at very high pressure and temperature, which is used to drive turbines connected to generators which produce electricity. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which adds to the ‘greenhouse’ effect and possible global warming. Fossil fuel power stations can be built almost anywhere provided you can get the fuel to them, although there is a need for a water supply for cooling so they are normally found near rivers or the sea. 6 1.2 Energy generation and storage 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 6 22/02/2017 14:40  Coal ACTIVITY Although most deep coal mining in the UK has stopped, and the use of open pit mining has Find out what reduced, we still obtain 23 per cent of our electricity from coal-powered generating plants. percentage of This means we also have to import coal from abroad. energy production in Mining and burning coal produces waste and atmospheric pollution, posing environmental the UK comes from problems. Waste tips, stock piles and open pits look unsightly and hazardous sulphur dioxide each of the following fumes from coal-powered stations add to atmospheric pollution causing acid rain, which sources: damages trees and lakes. l Coal l Natural gas An advantage of coal is that it doesn’t require any processing before burning, although it is l Oil usually crushed. There are still sufficient reserves of coal to last hundreds of years. turbine generator hot steam boiler t grid system cool steam f hot water cold water a coal cooling tower r cold water D condenser Figure 1.2.2 A coal-fired power station Key terms throughout the text explain all Natural gas important concepts Natural gas is currently the main source of power for electricity production in the UK. Natural and terminology. gas is also used for heating and cooking, as well as for industrial uses. It can be burnt directly and does not require crushing like coal. It is easy to transport through pipelines. Mainly consisting of methane, gas is found deep underground with coal and oil deposits. It has to be processed before it can be used to remove water and other impurities. KEY WORDS As gas-powered electricity power stations can be brought into service quickly, they will remain Fossil fuels important as a replacement for less reliable sources, such as wind power on days when there A natural fuel such is insufficient wind available for the wind turbines. as coal, oil or gas, Gas from the seas around Britain accounts for some of the gas we use, but the majority formed from the comes from pipelines connected to Europe and in liquefied form (LNG) shipped from around remains of living the world in tankers. There are deposits of shale gas under Britain, but there is considerable organisms discussion about using these, as there might be pollution of water supplies and a risk of small Global warming earthquakes called seismic tremors. An increase in the temperature of the Oil Earth’s atmosphere caused by the Oil is hardly used for electricity production in the UK. However, oil is used for some heating greenhouse effect systems (typically in rural areas away from a mains gas supply) as well as being the main fuel and increased levels used in road and sea transportation. It does need to be processed by refining from crude oil of greenhouse before it can be used. Stocks of oil will run out before coal. Although there is no immediate gases. shortage, the amount of oil in the North Sea has reduced, which reflects a worldwide trend. Fossil fuels 7 00_AQA_GCSE_Design_Tech_Marketing Sample.indd 7 22/02/2017 14:40  KEY WORD Nuclear power Fission The process Twenty-two per cent of the United Kingdom’s electricity comes from nuclear reactors, in in which uranium which uranium atoms are split to produce heat. This process is known as fission. A vast atoms are split and amount of energy can be produced by this process from a relatively small amount of uranium. produce heat The energy produced as heat is used to convert water to superheated steam, which in the same way as other power stations, drives turbines connected to generators to generate electricity. The current set of nuclear power stations are expected to close by 2025 because they are getting old and reaching the end of their serviceable life. Several replacement nuclear power stations are planned. The cost of safely disposing of unused nuclear power stations is high, and there have been several well-publicised incidents at nuclear plants in Japan, Ukraine and the t United States which have resulted Figure 1.2.3 Nuclear f in nuclear material leaking. Nuclear reactors use uranium waste is highly hazardous and can to produce heat, which have long-lasting effects on the a creates steam to drive turbines connected to health of humans and animals r generators that produce for thousands of years if not dealt electricity with carefully. D % electricity Source production in UK Renewable energy Coal 23% Recently, due to concerns over pollution and the possibility that some sources of fuel might eventually run out or become uneconomic to obtain, there has Oil