AQA GCSE Biology (8461) Scheme of Work - Homeostasis and Response PDF

Summary

This scheme of work outlines the teaching plan for the Homeostasis and Response topic in AQA GCSE Biology (8461). It provides learning outcomes, suggested timing, and opportunities for developing scientific communication and enquiry skills. The document is a flexible guide to teaching the topic.

Full Transcript

Scheme of work ============== Biology -- Homeostasis and response ----------------------------------- This resource provides guidance for teaching the Homeostasis and response topic from our new GCSE Biology (8461). It has been updated from the draft version to reflect the changes made in the accr...

Scheme of work ============== Biology -- Homeostasis and response ----------------------------------- This resource provides guidance for teaching the Homeostasis and response topic from our new GCSE Biology (8461). It has been updated from the draft version to reflect the changes made in the accredited specification. There have been no changes to the required practicals. However, there have been minor changes to the specification content to sections 4.5.1 Homeostasis, 4.5.2.1 Structure and function, 4.5.2.2 The brain, 4.5.2.3 The eye, 4.5.3.4 Hormones and human reproduction, 4.5.4.1 Control and coordination and 4.5.4.2 Use of plant hormones. These alterations have not required changes to be made to the scheme of work. The scheme of work is designed to be a flexible medium term plan for teaching content and development of the skills that will be assessed. It is provided in Word format to help you create your own teaching plan -- you can edit and customise it according to your needs. This scheme of work is not exhaustive; it only suggests activities and resources you could find useful in your teaching. ### 4.5.1 Homeostasis +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **Spec | **Summa | **Learn | **Sugge | **Oppor | **Oppor | **Self/ | | ref.** | ry | ing | sted | tunitie | tunitie | peer | | | of the | outcome | timing* | s | s | assessm | | | specifi | s** | * | to | to | ent** | | | cation | | | develop | apply | | | | content | *What | **(hour | Scienti | practic | **Oppor | | | ** | most | s)** | fic | al | tunitie | | | | student | | Communi | and | s | | | | s | | cation | enquiry | and | | | | should | | skills* | skills* | resourc | | | | be able | | * | * | es** | | | | to do* | | | | | | | | | | | | *Refere | | | | | | | | nce | | | | | | | | to past | | | | | | | | questio | | | | | | | | ns | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | indicat | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | success | | | | | | | | * | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | 4.5.1 | Introdu | Explain | 0.25 | Discuss | Use a | [Exampr | | | ction | what | | ion | model | o | | | to | homeost | | starter | to | user | | | homeost | asis | | s: | explain | guide | | | asis | is and | | 'What | control | PowerPo | | | | why it | | would | systems | int](ht | | | Homeost | is | | happen |. | tp://fi | | | asis | importa | | if...' | | lestore | | | is the | nt. | | eg, | |.aqa.or | | | regulat | | | 'you | | g.uk/re | | | ion | Describ | | didn't | | sources | | | of | e | | drink | | /scienc | | | interna | example | | enough | | e/AQA-G | | | l | s | | water, | | CSE-SCI | | | conditi | of | | ate too | | ENCE-EX | | | ons | conditi | | many | | AMPRO-U | | | to | ons | | sweets. | | G.PPTX) | | | maintai | that | | ' | | | | | n | need to | | | | | | | optimal | be | | Use | | | | | conditi | control | | example | | | | | ons | led. | | s | | | | | for | | | of | | | | | enzyme | Describ | | disease | | | | | action | e | | s | | | | | and | the | | that | | | | | cell | roles | | can be | | | | | functio | of the | | control | | | | | n. | nervous | | led, | | | | | | system | | eg | | | | | Automat | and the | | diabete | | | | | ic | endocri | | s, | | | | | control | ne | | dehydra | | | | | systems | system | | tion, | | | | | involve | in | | gout. | | | | | nervous | homeost | | | | | | | respons | asis. | | Draw a | | | | | es | | | flow | | | | | and | Describ | | diagram | | | | | chemica | e | | to show | | | | | l | the | | the | | | | | respons | main | | main | | | | | es. | compone | | compone | | | | | | nts | | nts | | | | | Control | of a | | of a | | | | | systems | control | | control | | | | | have | system | | system | | | | | recepto | and | | and | | | | | rs, | their | | label | | | | | a | functio | | with | | | | | coordin | ns. | | the | | | | | ation | | | functio | | | | | centre | | | n | | | | | and | | | of each | | | | | effecto | | | compone | | | | | rs. | | | nt. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Colour | | | | | | | | code | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | annotat | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | given | | | | | | | | diagram | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | of body | | | | | | | | with | | | | | | | | functio | | | | | | | | ns | | | | | | | | related | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | homeost | | | | | | | | asis. | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ ### 4.5.2 The human nervous system Mapping areas of the brain and investigating and treating brain disorders is Higher Tier only. Control of body temperature links with enzyme activity in 4.2.2.1 and maintaining water balance in 4.5.3.3. There are many possible practical activities. Select those which are most appropriate. +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **Spec | **Summa | **Learn | **Sugge | **Oppor | **Oppor | **Self/ | | ref.** | ry | ing | sted | tunitie | tunitie | peer | | | of the | outcome | timing | s | s | assessm | | | specifi | s** | (hours) | to | to | ent** | | | cation | | ** | develop | apply | | | | content | *What | | Scienti | practic | **Oppor | | | ** | most | | fic | al | tunitie | | | | student | | Communi | and | s | | | | s | | cation | enquiry | and | | | | should | | skills* | skills* | resourc | | | | be able | | * | * | es** | | | | to do* | | | | | | | | | | | | *Refere | | | | | | | | nce | | | | | | | | to past | | | | | | | | questio | | | | | | | | ns | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | indicat | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | success | | | | | | | | * | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | 4.5.2.1 | Structu | Explain | 1 | Starter | Plan | Body | | | 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| | | | | | ethanol | | e) | | | | | | or wet | | | | | | | | paper | | [PPT | | | | | | towels. | | B3.3.2 | | | | | | | | and 3 | | | | | | Interpr | | Tempera | | | | | | et | | ture | | | | | | informa | | and | | | | | | tion | | sugar | | | | | | about | | control | | | | | | sweatin | | ](http: | | | | | | g | | //files | | | | | | and | | tore.aq | | | | | | body | | a.org.u | | | | | | tempera | | k/subje | | | | | | ture. | | cts/gcs | | | | | | | | escienc | | | | | | | | eassess | | | | | | | | ment/B3 | | | | | | | | -3-2-AN | | | | | | | | D-3-TEM | | | | | | | | PERATUR | | | | | | | | E-AND-S | | | | | | | | UGAR-CO | | | | | | | | NTROL.P | | | | | | | | PT) | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ ### 4.5.3 Hormonal coordination in humans Treatment for diabetes links with 4.1.2.3 Stem cells and 4.7.5.4 Biotechnology using genetically engineered bacteria. Water and nitrogen balance links with 4.1.3.2 Osmosis and 4.1.3.3 Active transport. ADH activity links with section 4.5.3.7 Negative feedback. +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **Spec | **Summa | **Learn | **Sugge | **Oppor | **Oppor | **Self/ | | ref.** | ry | ing | sted | tunitie | tunitie | peer | | | of the | outcome | timing* | s | s | assessm | | | specifi | s** | * | to | to | ent** | | | cation | | | develop | apply | | | | content | *What | **(hour | Scienti | practic | **Oppor | | | ** | most | s)** | fic | al | tunitie | | | | student | | Communi | and | s | | | | s | | cation | enquiry | and | | | | should | | skills* | skills* | resourc | | | | be able | | * | * | es** | | | | to do* | | | | | | | | | | | | *Refere | | | | | | | | nce | | | | | | | | to past | | | | | | | | questio | | | | | | | | ns | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | indicat | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | success | | | | | | | | * | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | 4.5.3.1 | Human | Describ | 0.5 | Collect | Relate | Torso | | | endocri | e | | ive | hormone | and | | | ne | the | | memory | release | large | | | system | endocri | | or Card | and | image | | | | ne | | sort | hormone | of the | | | The | system | | using | action | human | | | system | and | | hormone | to the | body. | | | is | define | | name, | control | | | | compose | the | | functio | system | | | | d | term | | n | model. | | | | of | hormone | | and | | | | | endocri |. | | locatio | | | | | ne | | | n. | | | | | glands | Relate | | Self-as | | | | | that | hormone | | sess. | | | | | secrete | release | | | | | | | hormone | and | | Pin the | | | | | s | hormone | | tail on | | | | | into | action | | the | | | | | the | to the | | donkey | | | | | blood | control | | type | | | | | to be | system | | activit | | | | | carried | model | | y | | | | | to a | introdu | | -- give | | | | | target | ced | | each | | | | | organ | in | | student | | | | | where | 4.5.1.1 | | a card | | | | | it has |. | | and get | | | | | an | | | them to | | | | | effect. | Label a | | stick | | | | | | diagram | | it on a | | | | | The | of the | | large | | | | | positio | organs | | body | | | | | ns | in the | | outline | | | | | of the | endocri | | , | | | | | pituita | ne | | self-as | | | | | ry, | system. | | sess | | | | | thyroid | | | the end | | | | | , | Explain | | result. | | | | | adrenal | why the | | | | | | | glands, | pituita | | Label a | | | | | ovaries | ry | | diagram | | | | | and | gland | | of the | | | | | testes. | is | | endocri | | | | | | often | | ne | | | | | The | called | | system | | | | | pituita | the | | using | | | | | ry | master | | informa | | | | | is the | gland. | | tion | | | | | master | | | on the | | | | | gland. | Compare | | cards | | | | | It | the | | | | | | | secrete | actions | | Write | | | | | s | of the | | definit | | | | | many | nervous | | ions | | | | | hormone | and | | for | | | | | s | endocri | | endocri | | | | | that | ne | | ne | | | | | affect | systems | | system | | | | | other |. | | and | | | | | glands. | | | hormone | | | | | | | |. | | | | | Hormone | | | | | | | | s | | | Discuss | | | | | are | | | why the | | | | | chemica | | | pituita | | | | | l | | | ry | | | | | messeng | | | gland | | | | | ers. | | | is | | | | | | | | called | | | | | The | | | the | | | | | effects | | | master | | | | | of the | | | gland. | | | | | endocri | | | | | | | | ne | | | Compare | | | | | system | | | the | | | | | are | | | actions | | | | | slower, | | | of the | | | | | but | | | endocri | | | | | longer | | | ne | | | | | acting | | | system | | | | | than | | | with | | | | | the | | | the | | | | | nervous | | | nervous | | | | | system. | | | system. | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | 4.5.3.2 | Control | Describ | 1 | Class | Demo: | Demo | | | of | e | | practic | how | materia | | 4.5.3.2 | blood | how | | al | doctors | ls: | | | glucose | blood | | -- | used to | | | | concent | glucose | | investi | diagnos | - 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pre | | | | and | | organ | saline, | pared | | | Water | urea | | to the | dilute | sli | | | leaves | are | | conditi | and | des | | | the | lost | | on | concent | and | | | body | from | | it | rated | mic | | | via the | the | | helps | salt | roscope | | | lungs | body. | | to | solutio | s | | | during | | | control | ns. | | | | exhalat | Explain | | in the | Explain | - bio | | | ion. | why | | body. | the | -viewer | | | | there | | | observa | s | | | Water, | is no | | Starter | tions. | or | | | ions | control | | : | | mic | | | and | over | | microgr | | rograph | | | urea | water, | | aph | | s | | | are | ion and | | images | | of | | | lost | urea | | animal | | ani | | | from | loss by | | cell in | | mal | | | the | the | | normal, | | cel | | | skin in | lungs | | concent | | ls | | | sweat. | and | | rated | | in | | | | skin. | | salt | | sal | | | There | | | and | | ine, | | | is no | Explain | | pure | | dil | | | control | when | | water | | ute | | | over | cells | | -- what | | and | | | water, | might | | caused | | con | | | ion or | gain or | | the | | centrat | | | urea | lose | | changes | | ed | | | loss by | too | | ? | | sal | | | the | much | | | | t | | | lungs | water, | | Urine | | sol | | | or | in | | colour | | utions. | | | skin. | terms | | chart | | | | | | of | | -- how | | [Nutrit | | | Excess | osmosis | | could | | ion | | | water, | (links | | the | | and | | | ions | with | | colour | | hydrati | | | and | 4.1.3.2 | | change | | on](htt | | | urea | ). | | dependi | | p://www | | | are | | | ng | |.penins | | | removed | Describ | | on the | | ulacomm | | | via the | e | | time of | | unityhe | | | kidneys | the | | year | | alth.co | | | in the | effect | | etc? | |.uk/nut | | | urine. | of too | | | | rition- | | | | much or | | Use | | and-hyd | | | If body | too | | past | | ration. | | | cells | little | | exam | | htm) | | | lose or | water | | questio | | | | | gain | on | | ns | | | | | too | cells. | | on | | | | | much | | | Exampro | | | | | water | Explain | | to | | | | | by | how the | | balance | | | | | osmosis | body | | water | | | | | they do | respond | | loss. | | | | | not | s | | | | | | | functio | to | | HT: | | | | | n | differe | | Draw a | | | | | efficie | nt | | flow | | | | | ntly. | tempera | | diagram | | | | | | ture | | to | | | | | HT: | and | | explain | | | | | urea is | osmotic | | how | | | | | produce | challen | | urea is | | | | | d | ges | | formed. | | | | | in the | in | | | | | | | liver | terms | | | | | | | by the | of | | | | | | | breakdo | sweat | | | | | | | wn | and | | | | | | | of | urine | | | | | | | excess | release | | | | | | | amino |. | | | | | | | acids. | | | | | | | | | HT: | | | | | | | | Describ | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | how | | | | | | | | amino | | | | | | | | acids | | | | | | | | are | | | | | | | | deamina | | | | | | | | ted | | | | | | | | in the | | | | | | | | liver | | | | | | | | to form | | | | | | | | ammonia | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | is | | | | | | | | convert | | | | | | | | ed | | | | | | | | to urea | | | | | | | | for | | | | | | | | excreti | | | | | | | | on. | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | 4.5.3.3 | Kidney | Label a | 1 | Locate | Use a | Torso | | | functio | diagram | | the | model | | | | n | of the | | positio | torso. | Model | | | | excreto | | ns | | kidney | | | The | ry | | of the | Use a | | | | kidneys | system. | | liver, | model | Dissect | | | produce | | | kidneys | kidney. | ion: | | | urine | Describ | | and | | | | | by | e | | bladder | Dissect | - pig | | | filtrat | how | | in the | ion | 's | | | ion | urine | | human. | of | kid | | | of the | is | | Explain | pig's | neys | | | blood | produce | | the | kidney. | | | | and | d. | | need to | Use | - sca | | | selecti | | | excrete | cocktai | lpel | | | ve | Describ | | urea. | l | | | | reabsor | e | | | sticks | - sci | | | ption | the | | Label a | and | ssors | | | of | absorpt | | diagram | sticker | | | | useful | ion | | of the | s | - dis | | | substan | of | | excreto | to make | section | | | ces. | glucose | | ry | 'flags' | boa | | | | and | | system. | for the | rd | | | All the | ions by | | | key | | | | sugar | diffusi | | Observe | feature | - glo | | | and | on | | the | s | ves. | | | dissolv | and | | structu | and | | | | ed | active | | re | photogr | [BBC | | | ions | transpo | | of a | aph | Bitesiz | | | needed | rt. | | kidney. | the | e: | | | by the | | | | labelle | Excreti | | | body | | | Use | d | on | | | and as | | | cards | kidney | in | | | much | | | to | to | plants | | | water | | | sequenc | stick | and | | | as the | | | e | in | animals | | | body | | | how | books. | ](http: | | | needs | | | urine | | //www.b | | | are | | | is made | | bc.co.u | | | selecti | | | and | | k/educa | | | vely | | | produce | | tion/gu | | | reabsor | | | a flow | | ides/zj | | | bed. | | | diagram | | 7v4wx/r | | | | | |. | | evision | | | Urea, | | | | | /1) | | | excess | | | Name | | | | | ions | | | the | | | | | and | | | useful | | | | | water | | | substan | | | | | are | | | ces | | | | | excrete | | | reabsor | | | | | d | | | bed | | | | | in | | | by the | | | | | urine. | | | body | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | relate | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | diffusi | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | active | | | | | | | | transpo | | | | | | | | rt. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Q11WY3H | | | | | | | | 07 | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | 4.5.3.3 | ADH | HT: | 0.5 | Use a | Model | Torso | | | | Identif | | diagram | of | | | | HT: ADH | y | | or | human | [Kidney | | | is | the | | torso | body to | s | | | release | site of | | to | identif | and | | | d | product | | describ | y | water | | | by the | ion | | e | organs. | balance | | | pituita | and | | the | | ](http: | | | ry | target | | site of | Predict | //abpis | | | gland | organs | | product | whether | chools. | | | when | for | | ion | ADH | org.uk/ | | | the | ADH. | | and | secreti | page/mo | | | blood | | | target | on | dules/h | | | is too | Describ | | organs | and | omeosta | | | concent | e | | for | volume | sis_kid | | | rated. | the | | ADH. | of | neys/ki | | | It | effects | | | urine | dneys6. | | | causes | of ADH | | Describ | is high | cfm) | | | more | on | | e | or low | | | | water | kidney | | the | for | | | | to be | tubules | | effect | differe | | | | reabsor |. | | of ADH | nt | | | | bed | | | on the | situati | | | | back | Explain | | kidney | ons, | | | | into | , | | tubules | eg | | | | the | with | | and | person | | | | blood. | the aid | | relate | running | | | | | of a | | to | on hot | | | | ADH | diagram | | volume | day. | | | | control | , | | of | | | | | of | how ADH | | urine | | | | | water | control | | produce | | | | | in the | s | | d | | | | | blood | the | | if you | | | | | is an | concent | | are | | | | | example | ration | | thirsty | | | | | of | of the | |. | | | | | negativ | blood | | | | | | | e | using a | | Use the | | | | | feedbac | negativ | | ABPI | | | | | k. | e | | activit | | | | | | feedbac | | ies | | | | | | k | | (see | | | | | | mechani | | resourc | | | | | | sm | | es) | | | | | | (links | | to | | | | | | with | | explain | | | | | | 4.5.3.7 | | the | | | | | | ). | | negativ | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | feedbac | | | | | | | | k | | | | | | | | mechani | | | | | | | | sm | | | | | | | | involve | | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | control | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | water | | | | | | | | concent | | | | | | | | ration | | | | | | | | in the | | | | | | | | blood. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Draw a | | | | | | | | diagram | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | explain | | | | | | | | ADH | | | | | | | | negativ | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | feedbac | | | | | | | | k | | | | | | | | mechani | | | | | | | | sm. | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | 4.5.3.3 | Kidney | Describ | 2 | Discuss | Set up | Dialysi | | | failure | e | | why a | a model | s: | | 4.5.3.3 | | the | | kidney | for | | | | Kidney | advanta | | transpl | dialysi | - cel | | 4.5.3.3 | failure | ges | | ant | s | lulose | | | can be | and | | is not | using | tub | | | treated | disadva | | availab | cellulo | ing | | | by | ntages | | le | se | | | | kidney | of a | | for | tubing. | - pip | | | transpl | kidney | | everyon | Test | ettes | | | ant | transpl | | e. | for | | | | or by | ant. | | Discuss | glucose | - fak | | | using | | | the | , | e | | | kidney | Explain | | advanta | salt | uri | | | dialysi | how a | | ges | and | ne | | | s. | kidney | | and | protein | | | | | machine | | disadva |. | - boi | | | How a | works. | | ntages | | ling | | | dialysi | | | of a | Describ | tub | | | s | Explain | | transpl | e | es | | | machine | why | | ant. | the | | | | works. | dialysi | | | economi | - tes | | | | s | | Design | c, | t | | | | fluid | | a | ethical | tub | | | | contain | | poster | and | es | | | | s | | to | medical | | | | | sugar | | explain | conside | - Ben | | | | and | | and | rations | edict's | | | | ions at | | encoura | regardi | sol | | | | the | | ge | ng | ution | | | | same | | people | treatme | or | | | | concent | | to | nt | glu | | | | ration | | carry | of | cose | | | | as | | organ | kidney | tes | | | | normal | | donor | failure | t | | | | blood, | | cards. | and | sti | | | | but no | | | evaluat | cks | | | | urea. | | Use | e | | | | | | | ABPI | the | - biu | | | | Evaluat | | resourc | choice | ret | | | | e | | es | of | rea | | | | the use | | on | treatme | gent | | | | of | | dialysi | nts | or | | | | kidney | | s | for | alb | | | | transpl | | and | kidney | ustix | | | | ants | | kidney | failure | | | | | and | | transpl |. | - nit | | | | dialysi | | ants. | | ric | | | | s | | | Analyse | aci | | | | to | | Discuss | urine | d | | | | treat | | the | samples | and | | | | kidney | | advanta | and | sil | | | | failure | | ges | identif | ver | | | |. | | and | y | nit | | | | | | disadva | who | rate | | | | | | ntages | each | sol | | | | | | of | one | ution | | | | | | dialysi | came | | | | | | | s | from. | - dia | | | | | | treatme | Give | lysis | | | | | | nt. | reasons | flu | | | | | | | for the | id | | | | | | Researc | conclus | | | | | | | h | ions. | - wat | | | | | | how a | | er | | | | | | dialysi | | | | | | | | s | | - gog | | | | | | machine | | gles. | | | | | | works | | | | | | | | and | | [What | | | | | | produce | | is | | | | | | a | | dialysi | | | | | | script | | s?](htt | | | | | | for a | | p://abp | | | | | | new | | ischool | | | | | | nurse | | s.org.u | | | | | | in the | | k/page/ | | | | | | dialysi | | modules | | | | | | s | | /homeos | | | | | | clinic | | tasis_k | | | | | | to | | idneys/ | | | | | | explain | | kidneys | | | | | | the | | 8.cfm?c | | | | | | procedu | | oSiteNa | | | | | | re. | | vigatio | | | | | | | | n_allTo | | | | | | Explain | | pic=1) | | | | | | the | | | | | | | | results | | Urine: | | | | | | for the | | | | | | | | model | | - art | | | | | | dialysi | | ificial | | | | | | s | | uri | | | | | | machine | | ne | | | | | | (links | | sam | | | | | | with | | ples | | | | | | 4.1.3.1 | | mad | | | | | | ). | | e | | | | | | | | wit | | | | | | Label a | | h | | | | | | diagram | | tea | | | | | | of a | | -- | | | | | | kidney | | sug | | | | | | dialysi | | ar | | | | | | s | | add | | | | | | machine | | ed, | | | | | | and add | | pro | | | | | | notes | | tein | | | | | | to | | add | | | | | | explain | | ed, | | | | | | the | | nor | | | | | | constit | | mal | | | | | | uents | | col | | | | | | of the | | our, | | | | | | fluid | | dil | | | | | | and how | | ute, | | | | | | the | | con | | | | | | machine | | centrat | | | | | | restore | | ed | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | the | | - biu | | | | | | concent | | ret | | | | | | ration | | rea | | | | | | of | | gent | | | | | | dissolv | | or | | | | | | ed | | alb | | | | | | substan | | ustix | | | | | | ces | | | | | | | | in the | | - Ben | | | | | | blood | | edict's | | | | | | to | | sol | | | | | | normal. | | ution | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | Discuss | | glu | | | | | | a moral | | cose | | | | | | dilemma | | tes | | | | | | -- | | t | | | | | | researc | | sti | | | | | | h | | cks | | | | | | cost of | | | | | | | | dialysi | | - tes | | | | | | s | | t | | | | | | and | | tub | | | | | | transpl | | es | | | | | | ants. | | | | | | | | Discuss | | - wat | | | | | | conside | | er | | | | | | rations | | bat | | | | | | in | | h | | | | | | terms | | | | | | | | of cost | | - gog | | | | | | as to | | gles. | | | | | | how | | | | | | | | kidney | | | | | | | | patient | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | should | | | | | | | | be | | | | | | | | treated | | | | | | | | -- | | | | | | | | lifetim | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | dialysi | | | | | | | | s, | | | | | | | | transpl | | | | | | | | ant, | | | | | | | | shortag | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | kidneys | | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | buying | | | | | | | | kidneys | | | | | | | | from | | | | | | | | healthy | | | | | | | | people | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | pri

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