Reactions of Pyrrole PDF

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الكلية الجامعية بمكة المكرمة - جامعة أم القرى

أد/ أحمد زكي سيد

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pyrrole reactions chemical reactions organic chemistry heterocyclic compounds

Summary

This document discusses the preparation and reactions of pyrrole, a heterocyclic compound. It details various methods for preparation and different types of reactions that pyrrole undergoes, such as reactions with aldehydes, ketones, and dienophiles.

Full Transcript

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬...

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻓﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (٥‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﺇﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﻜﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Al2O3‬‬ ‫‪+ NH3‬‬ ‫‪-H2O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻮران‬ ‫أﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﺇﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫‪2 HC CH‬‬ ‫‪+ H2‬‬ ‫∆‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫أﺳﺘﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪o١٦٠-١٤٠‬ﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺴﻭﺯ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ''‪.R' , R‬‬ ‫‪4 3‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪CuCl‬‬ ‫‪5 1 2‬‬ ‫‪+ R'''NH2‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫``‪R‬‬ ‫`‪R‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪140-160 C‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫''‪R‬‬ ‫'‪R‬‬ ‫```‪R‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ أﺳﺘﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪-٥,٢,١‬ﺛﻼﺛﻲ أﻟﻜﯿﻞ ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺲﺳ‪-٢-‬ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﻦ‪-٤,١-‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ أول ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪Pd‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺎﹰ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‪-٢-‬ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﻦ‪-٤,١-‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ أول‬ ‫أﻣﯿﻨﺎت أوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬اﻟﻜﯿﻞ ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫)‪ (٥‬ﺘﻘﻁﻴﺭ ﺴﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Zn‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺴﯿﻨﺎﻣﯿﺪ‬ ‫زﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫)‪ (٦‬ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ‪-٤,١‬ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴل ﻤﺜل ﺴﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ (NH4)2CO3‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(NH4)2CO3‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪O O‬‬ ‫∆‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺴﯿﻨﺎﻟﺪھﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت أﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫)‪ (٧‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺎل‪-‬ﻨﻭﺭ ‪Pall-Knorr Synthesis‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٨٨٥‬ﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺎل ﻭﻨﻭﺭ‪.‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ‪-٤,١‬ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻜﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ‪-٤,١‬ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ‪:R-NH2‬‬ ‫‪R```NH2‬‬ ‫``‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫∆‬ ‫``‪R‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪+ 2 H2 O‬‬ ‫‪O O‬‬ ‫```‪R‬‬ ‫‪-٤,١‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﯿﻞ‬ ‫أﻣﯿﻨﺎت أوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪-٥,٢,١‬ﺛﻼﺛﻲ أﻟﻜﯿﻞ ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ R‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪-NH2, -OH, Ph-NH-, -CH2COOH, -CH3, -H‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪ (٨‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻭﺭ ‪Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻭﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﺃﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﻜﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﺘﺎ ﻜﻴﺘﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪H3C‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪COOEt‬‬ ‫‪H3C‬‬ ‫‪COOEt‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪AcOH‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪+ 2 H2O‬‬ ‫‪EtOOC‬‬ ‫‪NH2‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪CH3‬‬ ‫‪EtOOC‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪CH3‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺘﺎ‪-‬أﻣﯿﻨﻮ اﺛﯿﻞ اﺳﯿﺘﻮاﺳﯿﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﺛﯿﻞ اﺳﯿﺘﻮاﺳﯿﺘﺎت‬ ‫‪-٥,٣‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﯿﺜﯿﻞ‪-٤,٢-‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﺛﯿﻞ اﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫)‪ (٩‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻨﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﺘﺎ‪-‬ﻜﻴﺘﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺒﺭﻭﺒﺎﻥ‪-٢-‬ﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺜﻴل ‪-٣‬ﺃﻜﺴﻭﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺜﻴل ‪-٢‬ﻤﻴﺜﻴل ‪-H١‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‪-٣-‬ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻭﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٠‬ﺘﻘﻁﻴﺭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪o٢٢٠-٢٠٠‬ﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪o١٢٩‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺤﻤﺽ ﻀﻌﻴﻑ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻁﻭﺍل ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﹰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﺤﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻱ ‪ π‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪sp 2‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪sp 2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪارات اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺒﯿﺮول‬ ‫ﺸﻜل )‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻜل ‪4n+2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺭﺽ ‪ n=3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ‪ ، 4x3+2=6‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺂﻱ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‪.‬ﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﻠﻙ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻻ ﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(١‬ﻭﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺂﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺼﻴﻎ ﺘﺄﺭﺠﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪δ-‬‬ ‫‪δ-‬‬ ‫‪δ- δ+ δ-‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺴﺤﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺃﻱ ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ ، Ka= 10-5‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻴﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪KOH‬‬ ‫‪-N‬‬ ‫‪+ H2O‬‬ ‫‪K+‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪RMgX‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪N+‬‬ ‫‪+ RH‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺟﺮﯾﻨﺎرد‬ ‫‪MgX‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪HI/‬‬ ‫‪/A‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Zn‬‬ ‫أو‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﺑﯿﺮوﻟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪-٥,٢‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ھﯿﺪروﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪Hg(A‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫)‪c O‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪AcO‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪H I/P‬‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮوﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮاھﯿﺪروﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﺑﯿﺮوﻟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪Ni/P‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ E+‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻰ ‪ -٥ ،-٢‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺭﺠﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ‪ -٥ ،-٢‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻭﺍﺸﻑ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪.E+‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2 + E+‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ‪.-٤ ،٣-‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2 + E+‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l2‬‬ ‫‪2C‬‬ ‫‪-٥,٤,٣,٢‬رﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮوﻣﻮ ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪Et SO‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﻛﻠﻮرو ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪es‬‬ ‫‪2O‬‬ ‫‪ol‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪-٥,٤,٣,٢‬رﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻠﻮرو ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪-٥,٤,٣,٢‬رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﯾﻮدو ﺑﯿﺮول‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻴﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﺒﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﺓ )‪ (HNO3/H2SO4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﺒﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﺄﺴﺘﺎﻴل ﻨﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺩﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺫﻴﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺭﻭل )‪(%٥١‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺭﻭل )‪(%١٣‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻨﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪o١٠٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮول‪-٢-‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻧﯿﻚ‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ‪-٢‬ﺃﺴﺘﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﺁﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺩﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﺎﻋﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﺘﻴﺘﻭﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴل ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻭﻴﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﻴﻪ ﺒﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﺃﺴﺘﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﺃﺴﺘﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪ (٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬ ‫)‪ (٦‬ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺝ ﺍﻵﺯﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺯﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩل )‪ (pH=8‬ﻟﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ‪-٢‬ﺁﺭﻴل‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻭﺒﻴﺭﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻱ )‪ (pH > 10‬ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ‪-٥,٢‬ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﺭﻴل ﺃﺯﻭﺒﻴﺭﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪ (٧‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺎﻨﺵ ‪The Mannich Reaction‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭﻤﺎﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ )ﻤﺜل ﺩﺍﻱ ﻤﻴﺜﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺇﻴﺜﻴل ﺃﻤﻴﻥ( ﻓﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﻤﻴﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻥ‪،‬ﻥ‪-‬ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻴﺜﻴل‪-H١)-١-‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‪-٢-‬ﻴل(ﻤﻴﺜﺎﻨﺎﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻴﻴﻨﻭﻓﻴﻼﺕ )ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺩﻴﻠﺯ‪-‬ﺃﻟﺩﺭ( )‪Reaction with dienophiles (Diels-Alder reaction‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻴﻨﻭﻓﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻜل ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻙ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺩﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﺍﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﻤﻴﺜﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﻙ‬ ‫‪-٥)٢‬ﻤﻴﺜﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل( ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺴﻴﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻤﻊ ﺴﻴﻜﻠﻭﻫﻜﺴﺎ‪-٣,١‬ﺩﻴﻥ‪-٥-‬ﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪-٢‬ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭ ﺒﺭﻤﻭﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻴﻌﻁﻲ ‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴل ﺒﻴﺭﻭل‬ ‫)‪ (٩‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪Ring Cleavage Reactions‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﻤﻴﻥ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻴﺎل ﺩﺍﻱ ﺍﻜﺯﻴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 80%‬ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻴﺎل ﺩﺍﻱ ﺍﻜﺯﻴﻡ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫_______________________________________________________________________‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى‬ ‫أد‪ /‬أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ ﺳﯿﺪ‬

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