History Of The English Language PDF

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE E N G L 1 0 1 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH 1500- 1800 PERIOD Assoc. Prof. Marissa L. Mayrena  At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: Learning Objective...

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE E N G L 1 0 1 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH 1500- 1800 PERIOD Assoc. Prof. Marissa L. Mayrena  At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: Learning Objectives 1. Understanding Historical Context: Describe the historical events and social changes that influenced the development of Modern English. Analyze the impact of the Renaissance, Reformation, and other cultural shifts on language during this period. 2. Language Evolution: Trace the linguistic changes from Middle English to Modern English, including phonological, morphological, and syntactic shifts. Identify key vocabulary and grammar changes that distinguish Modern English from its predecessors. 3. Literary Exploration: Analyze representative works of literature from the Modern English period, such as the works of William Shakespeare or the King James Bible. Explore the use of language in drama, poetry, and prose to understand the evolving literary styles and themes. SHAKESPEARE ENGLISH GREAT VOWEL SHIFT RENAISSANCE ELIZABETHAN ERA INTERNATIONAL TRADE Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA  William Shakespeare Shakespearean English Julius Caesar is able to say: ‘The wild disguise has almost anticked us all.’ antic (N) - a fool anticked (V)- make a fool of Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA-NC INTERNAL HISTORY: OTHER MAJOR AUTHORS Light seeking light doth light of light beguile. ‘Light (intellect) seeking light (wisdom), doth light (eyesight) of light beguile (daylight)  Early modern English was fairly analytic. EModE: Grammar The word order had already become quite fixed to subject-verb-object due to the reduced inflectional system. And of the five old English cases, only two had survived.  In Modern English we use the word ModE “you” as both the singular and the Grammar vs. plural form. Middle English Grammar In Middle English, thou was used for addressing one person, ye for more than one, thou and ye were used as a subject of a clause, you was used as the object.  The use of ye and you Modern English you became the norm in all grammatical functions and social situations. Ye had become old- fashioned and so, we see it in the Authorized Bible (‘Oh ye of little faith’). Shakespearean English YOU Used for both singular and plural Used for people of lower status to those above them THOU/THEE Used by people of higher rank to those beneath them Used by people of lower classed to each other Used in addressing God, witches, ghosts, and other supernatural beings A manuscript of Shakespeare’s handwriting showing the language he used.  The grammar of Early Modern Modern English is English identical to that of Modern English so Grammar there is little difficulty in that regard. The Great Vowel Shift EModE: The Great Vowel Shift (1450- 1640) As /i:/ and /u:/ became diphthongized to /ai/ (as in bide) and /au/ (as in house) respectively, so the next highest vowels, /e:/ (this sound can be heard in the first part of the diphthong in name) and /o:/ (a sound that can be heard in the first part of the diphthong in home), moved up to take their places, and so on. IMPORTANT EVENTS Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA  TODAY’S WORD PRONUNCIATION BEFORE TH E GREAT VOWEL SHIFT Goose Mine “goas” (oa as in boat) “meen” EModE: Mice Shire “mees” “sheer” The Great Sheep House “shape” “hoos” Vowel Shift Life “leef” Flour “floor” Boot “boat” Mate “maat” Name “nahm” Feet “fayt” (ay as in “pay”)  EModE: The Great Vowel Shift Possible Causes: 1. Redistribution of Populations – their accents were combined to create new pronunciations based on the standard London vernacular of the time. 2. The influx of French Loanwords – when nobility were beginning to speak English, the peasants were having to Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA grapple with an influx of loan words  Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA-NC Sonnet 18 EXTERNAL HISTORY RENAISSANCE PERIOD The movement to revive Greek and Latin Fostered Science and Humanism Migration to large cities The Revival of Classical Scholarship The revival of classical scholarship during the Renaissance brought Latin and Greek loan words into the language. Scientific writers were often in This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY need of new words and thus borrowed in abundance from these languages.  James 1 (1603) King James I left a body of writings after his term. He authorized the English translation of the Bible, published in 1611, which became known as the King James Version. Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA Elizabethan Era (1558-1603) Renaissance in Art and Literature The art and Philosophy of Ancient Greeks and Romans were brought back to western Europe. FRANCIS DRAKE– He sailed around the Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA world (1577-1580) Early Modern English Period 1500-1800 EXTERNAL HISTORY Expansion of English to other continents Slave trade from Africa to the Americas EXTERNAL HISTORY INTRODUCTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS William Caxton, 1476  EXTERNAL HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT OF ANGLICAN CHURCH BY HENRY VII (the 1530s) INTERNAL HISTORY: PRINTING NOT INVENTED IN BRITAIN Block printing in China c. 220 Johannes Gutenberg invents Western Printing Press (1439) INTERNAL HISTORY: PRINTING CAXTON STARTS FIRST PRINTING PRESS IN ENGLAND, 1476 Before 1476, printed books were imported from Italy, Germany, France, Low Countries ENABLED MUCH EASIER AND QUICKER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TEXTS 1476-1640 – different titles printed in English Disadvantage for linguistic research purposes INTERNAL HISTORY: LITERACY ALREADY ON THE RISE DURING THE MODERN ENGLISH PERIOD Not directly due to the emergence of Printing Overall estimates 1451-1500 5% 1501-1600 16% 1601-1700 53% INTERNAL HISTORY: LITERACY UNSUCCESSFUL PETITIONS IN THE 14TH- 16TH CENTURIES TO MAKE IT ILLEGAL FOR “COMMON” PEOPLE TO READ LITERACY CONTINUED TO BE MUCH LOWER FOR WOMEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY INTERNAL HISTORY: TEXTS BIBLES Tyndale translated the Bible Coverdale’s version of Tyndale’s Bible in 1539 (over 20,ooo copies) PLAYS William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Ben Johnson (1572-1637) INTERNAL HISTORY: TEXTS PHILOSOPHY, Science, Theology Robert Boyle (1661). The Skeptical Chymist John Locke’s (1690) Essay Concerning Human Understanding William Holder (1669) Elements of Speech INTERNAL HISTORY: OTHER MAJOR AUTHORS  HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 450-1066 : Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1500 : Middle English Period 1500-1660 : The Renaissance 1558-1603 : Elizabethan Age 1603-1625 : Jacobean Age 1625-1649 : Caroline Age 1649-1660 : Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785 : The Neoclassical Period 1660-1700 : The Restoration 1700-1745 : The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 1745-1785 : The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson) 1785-1830 : The Romantic Period 1832-1901 : The Victorian Period 1848-1860 : The Pre-Raphaelites 1880-1901 : Aestheticism and Decadence 1901-1914 : The Edwardian Period 1910-1936 : The Georgian Period 1914-1945 : The Modern Period 1945-present : Postmodern Period IMPORTANT EVENTS: Printing Press by William Caxton, 1476 5 Major dialects in English Norhern Midlands West Midlands East Midlands Southern Midlands Kentish Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA The Stabilization of Spellings ( source:Oxford English Dictionary) By the mid-seventeenth century, printers followed general principles of spelling much like the present ones. Notably, the modern distinctions between I and J and U and V were established by about 1630. The spelling of nearly all individual words was also identical to present-day forms in printed books. In ordinary handwritten documents, however, even those of well-educated people, spelling continued to vary noticeably until well into the eighteenth century.  Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-NC-ND Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA IMPORTANT EVENTS: William Tyndale’s publication of the translation of the Bible in 1526. Anglican Reformation The first phase of the Anglican Reformation (1531– 1547) began over a personal dispute when King Henry VIII of England was denied papal support for the annulling of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In response, both the king and the English parliament rejected papal primacy and asserted the supremacy of the crown over the church. Thus, King Henry VIII of England was established as head of the Church of England. Little if any change in doctrine or practice was initially introduced. Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-NC-ND William Shakespeare Late Modern English Period 1800-present  VICTORIAN PERIOD Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA LModE The principal distinction between early and late modern English is VOCABULARY. Pronunciation, grammar, and spelling are largely the same, but late modern English has many more words added to the vocabulary.  HISTORICAL EVENTS: Late Modern English The industrial revolution and the rise of the technological society The rise of the British Empire  LModE 1750-1900 – Revolution’s research for new inventions was written in English. The Industrial Revolution made the English vocabulary enormous, introducing words to describe new technologies. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT IMPROVE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PROGRESS AUTOMOBILE STEAM ENGINE ADVANCEMENT EFFICIENT PSYCHOSIS TRADE FASHION LEISURE MEDICINE HALOGEN AMBULANCE CHEMISTRY PSYCHOLOGY badminton FOOD RUGBY STETHOSCOPE Cereal  Neologisms LModE: The Theory of Evolution by Charles VICTORIAN Darwin PERIOD The Pseudoscience of Eugenics Discipline of Psychology