Globalization Origins and History PDF

MMC-PPT-001-C Module 2: ORIGNS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION Name of Instructor: Prof. Supriano D. Gatdula Name of Course: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD  THE INSTRUCTOR WILL ASK THE CLASS ABOUT THE HISTORY OF ECHNO...

MMC-PPT-001-C Module 2: ORIGNS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION Name of Instructor: Prof. Supriano D. Gatdula Name of Course: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD  THE INSTRUCTOR WILL ASK THE CLASS ABOUT THE HISTORY OF ECHNOLOGY THAT WILL LEAD TO GLOBALIZATION: xi. 1980-1989- Debt crisis, free market economies, Plaza Accord i. 1800-1899- technological breakthroughs and xii. 1989-1991- End of Cold War Industrialization xiii. 1990-1999- Internet Connects the World ii. 1929-1939- Great Depression and Protectionism xiv. 1993- European Union Links the Continent iii. 1920-1929- Gold Standard and Economic Boom xv. 1994- North American Free Agreement iv. 1900-1950- Rise of Automobiles and Airplanes xvi. 1995- World Trade Organization v. 1914-1918- world war 1 ignited by Nationalist Conflict xvii.1997- East Asian Financial Crisis vi. 1939-1945- World War 2 obelizes Allied Powers xviii. 2001- China and the WTO Against the Axis Powers xix. 2008- Global Financial Crisis Ignites backlash vii. 1944- Breton Woods Conference seeks Order xx. 2016-2021- Brexit viii. 1948- General Agreement on tariff and Trade (GATT) xxi. 2017-2020- trump Presidency Upends US Trade with ix. 1950-1969- computers and Kennedy Round China x. 1970-1979- end of Fixed Exchange Rates xxii. 2018- US-China Trade War xxiii. 2020- covid-19 Pandemic Origins and History of Globalization  Origins and History of Globalization 1. Hardwired- originated from the basic motivations of human beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History showns our ancestors travel from Africa to other places in search of food and security. 2. Cycles- explains that there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a long term cyclical process wherein the current global age today is only a modification of the global age in the past. Thus, it should be noted that the global age today will be replaced by a new cycle of globalization in the future.  Origins and History of Globalization 3. Epochs- if cycles explain a continouous long-term cyclical process, the epochs explain that there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them as its own origin. Epoch is different from the perspective of the cycle as it argues that the previous epochs are not returning in the future. The following are the great epoch according to Therborn (2000). I. The fourth to the seventh centuries which witness the globalization of religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam). II. The late fifteenth-century highlighted by European colonial conquests.  Origins and History of Globalization III. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various intra-European wars led to globalization. IV. The mid-nineteenth century to 1918; the heyday of European imperialism. V. The post World War II period. 4. Events- this perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it specifies the event that is somehow responsible for the origin of globalization. Some are examples of the point of origin from the perspective of events.  Origins and History of Globalization I. The spread of Christianity- after the fall of the Roman Empire. II. The Other Important Voyages such as the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492; Vasco da Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and the circumnavigation of the world completed in 1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan’s ships (Rosenthal, 2007). III. European Colonialism IV. The founding of the modern internet- based on Arpanet (which was created in 1969).  Origins and History of Globalization 5. Broader, more recent changes; this perspective views that the origin of globalization has taken place during the recent changes that happened in the 2nd half of the 20th century. Scholars have identified of humanity towards globalization. three significant changes that shape the course. 1. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years following WW II. 2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNC’s). 3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold war.  The Philippine Rice Tariffication Law: Implications and issues Answer the following critical questions regarding the article. 1. What is the Rice Tariffication Law RA 11598 all about. Explain what quantitative restriction is. 2. What are the problems with rice tariffication law? 3. What are the good and bad eefects of rice tariffication law? 4. What Philippine product is mainly affected by the law? Why? 5. Why does the Philippine still import rice? 6. What is the main problem of rice farmers in the Philippines? Global Demography Demographic Transition and Global Migration  Contents GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY- is the study of worldwide population rather than the population of a specific country, region or city. It is useful because it provides a big picture of the entire human population without influence from local economic, cultural or geographic factors.  Contents Demography- refers to the statistical study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human populations. Demographic studies describe the composition of a population by its distribution of population categories such as race, age,marital status, gender, socio-economic status, and religion. There are about 7.9 billion people as of January 2023. on the same period, there are 4.3 births and 2.0 deaths expected worldwide every second.  Contents Relevance of understanding global demography: 1. It is useful for understanding social and economic problems and identifying potential solutions. ❖ YOUNG POPULATION is mostly affected by the societal change. ❖ DEMOGRAPHY allows us to imagine and re-imagine the future.  Contents WHY IS THE RISE OF POPULATION ALARMING?  Contents WHY IS THE RISE OF POPULATION ALARMING? 1. Resources are decreasing. 2. Land masses are being filled up by infrastructures such as houses. 3. Infectious diseases starts to spread from pint A to point B. 4. Economy of populated countries will fall. 5. There will be a rise of illiterate people due to poverty. 6. The elderly population will rise.  DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION It is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development.  Contents Demographic Transition is a sequence of five stages: Stage 1 – high mortality and high birth rates: In the past birth rates were high, but since the mortality rates were also high we observe no or only very small population growth. This describes the reality through most of our history. Societies around the world remained in stage 1 for many millennia as the long-run data on extremely slow population growth makes clear. At this stage the population pyramid is broad at the base as many children are born. But since the mortality rate is high across all ages – and in particular for children – the pyramid gets much narrower towards the top.  Contents Demographic Transition is a sequence of five stages: Stage 2 – mortality falls, but birth rates are still high: In the second phase the health of the population slowly starts to improve, and the mortality rate starts to fall. Since the health of the population has already improved, but fertility still remains as high as before, this is the stage of the transition at which the size of the population starts to grow rapidly. Historically it is the exceptional time at which the extended family with many (surviving) children is common.  Contents Demographic Transition is a sequence of five stages: Stage 3 – mortality is low and birth rates begin to fall: At this stage the birth rate starts to fall and as a consequence the rate at which the population grows begins to decline as well. When the mortality of children is not as high as it once was, parents adapt to the healthier environment and choose to have fewer children; the economy is undergoing structural changes that makes children less economically valuable; and as women gain more power within society and within partnerships, they tend on average to have fewer children than before.  Contents Demographic Transition is a sequence of five stages: Stage 4 – mortality and birth rates are low: Rapid population growth comes to an end in stage 4. At this stage the birth rate falls to a similar level as the already low mortality rate. The population pyramid is now box shaped; as the mortality rate at young ages is now very low the younger cohorts are now very similar in size and only at an old age the size of cohorts get smaller rapidly.  Contents Demographic Transition is a sequence of five stages: Stage 5 – the future of population growth will be determined by what is happening to fertility rates: The demographic transition describes changes over the course of socio-economic modernization. What happens at a very high level of development is not a question we can answer with certainty since only few societies have reached this stage. If fertility rates are rising again at very high levels of development — as the research by demographers Mikko Myrskylä, Hans-Peter Kohler, and Francesco Billari suggests — then population sizes might stabilize or even increase. However, if the fertility rate stays below 2 children per woman, then we will see a decline of the population size in the long run.  Lesson Proper WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?  Lesson Proper WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? People move from one place to another for various reasons (war, persecution, seeking better opportunities, unemployment, etc.). This migration of people can result in consequences for both the place they left behind and their new place of residence. These consequences can be economic, social, political and demographic.  Contents MODELS OF MIGRATION The models are: 1. Lewis's Model of Rural-Urban Migration 2. The Fei-Ranis Model on Rural-Urban Migration 3. Harris-Todaro Model of Rural-Urban Migration.  Contents MODELS OF MIGRATION 1. Lewis's Model of Rural-Urban Migration Since the supply of labour is unlimited, new industries can be established or existing industries can be expanded without limit at the current wage i.e. subsistence wage by withdrawing labour from the subsistence sector. When people migrate from the subsistence sector to the modern sector, the wages should be higher in the capitalist sector than in the subsistence sector by a small but fixed amount.  Contents MODELS OF MIGRATION 2. The Fei-Ranis Model on Rural-Urban Migration The model is related to an underdeveloped economy having surplus labour but scarcity of capital. The major part of the population is engaged in agriculture which is stagnant. Non-agricultural occupations use small capital. There also exists an industrial sector. The process of development involves transfer of surplus labour from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector, so as to increase its productivity from zero to a wage level equal to the institutional wage in agriculture.  Contents MODELS OF MIGRATION 3. Harris-Todaro Model of Rural-Urban Migration. Labour migration in underdeveloped countries is due to rural-urban differences in average expected wages rather than actual wages. The migrants consider the various opportunities of employment available to them in rural and urban sectors and choose the one that maximises their expected wages from migration.  Contents MODELS OF MIGRATION 4. The Gravity Model of Migration. The gravity model of migration explains that more populous places may attract goods and services, more jobs, and the flow of information more than less populous areas. The closer these areas are to one another the more the interactions and influence there will be. The potential number of migrants will be bigger where the population of departure and arrival are large. The gravity model uses two variables to predict or estimate the volume of spatial interaction between or among places, be they cities, counties, or regions. These are (1) population totals of the places and (2) the distance separating these places or the time or cost of overcoming distance.  GLOBAL MIGRATION It refers to the international movement of people across borders, either voluntary or involuntary. The three types of migrants are asylum seekers, economic migrants, and refugees. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization, and emigration/ immigration. People moving from their homes due to forced displacement, such as natural disaster or civil disturbance are described as displaced person, or if remaining in their home country, internally-displaced person.