APSC 151 Lecture 10 Sedimentary Rocks 2023 PDF

For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 LECTURE 10 APSC 151 2023 Earth Systems Engineering 2023-09-1...

For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 LECTURE 10 APSC 151 2023 Earth Systems Engineering 2023-09-15 1 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 APSC 151 Lecture 10 Sedimentary Rocks Astrophoto.ca 2023-09-15 2 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 What is a Sedimentary Rock? Sedimentary rocks form from precipitation, sedimentation and accumulation of weathered rock material (soil). They account for about 5 percent (by volume) of Earth’s outer 16 km Contain evidence of Past environments Sediment transport Past life forms (fossils) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-3 3 3 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 What is a Sedimentary Rock? Sedimentary rocks are important economically because they may contain: Coal Petroleum and natural gas Iron, aluminum, manganese, fertilizer, and raw materials for the construction industry 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-4 4 4 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Diagenesis – all changes that take place after sediments are deposited, within upper few kilometres of crust, at temperatures generally less than 200ºC 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-5 5 5 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Diagenesis includes: Recrystallization – development or replacement of more stable minerals from less stable ones Eg. Calcite CaCO3 >>>> Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Lithification –sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock by compaction and cementation Natural cements include calcite, silica, and iron oxide 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-6 6 6 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Environments geographic setting where sediment is accumulating 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-7 7 7 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Environments Types of sedimentary environments Continental Rivers and Streams Glacial (tills, moraines) Wind (aeolian) libwiki.mcmaster.ca 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-8 8 8 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Environments Types of sedimentary environments Transitional (shoreline) Tidal flats Beaches Lagoons Deltas 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-9 9 9 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Environments Types of sedimentary environments Marine Shallow (to about 200 metres); Deep Deeper than 200 m 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-10 10 10 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Environments Sedimentary facies Each unit (called a facies) has characteristics reflecting a particular environment Different sediments often accumulate adjacent to one another at the same time 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-11 11 11 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Types of Sedimentary Rocks 3 Rock types - based on the source of the material Detrital sedimentary rocks – sediment transported as solid particles Chemical sedimentary rocks – chemical sediment that was in solution Organic rocks – from carbon-rich tissues These can all be interlayered due to changes in the environment 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-12 12 12 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Basic Rock Types Chemical Detrital – Limestone (Ca) Conglomerate – Dolostone (Mg,Ca) Sandstone – Chert (Si) Siltstone – Evaporite (NaCl, etc) Mudstone Shale (layered) Organic – Coal 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 13 13 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Structures Strata or beds – layers Bedding planes – flat surfaces that separate strata (originally horizontal) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-14 14 14 earthsci.unimelb.edu.au For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Kingston Courthouse 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 15 15 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Bedding 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 16 16 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Ellis Hall Bedding can create engineering issues if not considered 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 17 17 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Types of Preservation: Recrystallization – Calcite in Shells recrystalizes into stable form Petrification or Replacement Addition or Substitution of minerals Mould – internal and external impressions 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-18 18 18 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life preserved in sediment or sedimentary rock Fossils are generally fall into two groups: Body fossils Trace fossils 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-19 19 19 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Kingston Courthouse Trace Fossils Burrows from Seafloor Animals 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 20 20 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Steps of Miller Hall Body Fossils (take a look enroute to your lab!) 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 21 21 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Structures Types of sedimentary structures Cross-bedding - inclined layers Mud cracks - shrinkage on exposure to air nicholas.duke.edu 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-22 22 22 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sedimentary Structures Types of sedimentary structures Ripple marks – small waves of sand formed by moving water http://www.bromba.com/knowhow/MinutiaeStructures.htm 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-23 23 23 livinglandscapes.bc.ca For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks The chief constituents of detrital sedimentary rocks: Clay minerals, Quartz, Feldspars, Micas, Carbonates Particle size defines the various types Coarse Fine Extremely Fine Congolomerate Sandstone Siltstone Mudstone Breccia dm cm mm μm nm Shale 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-24 24 24 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Shale, Mudstone (Clay), Siltstone (Silt) Gradual settling in quiet water Shale exhibits fissility Shale -splits into thin layers) mm to cm layers but mudstone does not Most common type of detrital sedimentary rock Mudstone Siltstone (larger grains) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-25 25 25 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Shale, Mudstone & Siltstone interbedded mm to cm beds 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-26 26 26 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Shale, Mudstone (Clay), Siltstone (Silt) Forms thin layers Deposited by gradual settling in quiet water Shale exhibits fissility (splits into thin layers) but siltstone does not Most common type of detrital sedimentary rock Red Kingston Brick Don Valley Brickyard 1927 TORONTO Queenston Copyright © 2012 Shale – Caledon Hills 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-27 27 27 ROM Archives For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Sandstone Cemented sand-sized particles 20% of sedimentary rocks are sandstone Transported by wind and water Quartz (durable) is the dominant mineral 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-28 28 28 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Mostly Quartz grains Sandstone Types: Quartz (Arenite) sandstone Quartz and Arkose feldspar grains with more fines (feldspar present) Wacke (mixture of fragments “dirty sand” and “matrix”) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-29 29 29 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Sandstone Calgary – the Sandstone City Brockville – the other Sandstone City 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-30 30 30 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Sorting and Grain Shape 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 31 31 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Conglomerate and breccia > 2mm Indicative of steep slopes or turbulent currents Conglomerate consists of of rounded gravel Breccia is composed of large angular particles 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-32 32 32 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Siltstone, Mudstone and Shale Siltstone Sandstone Siltstone (Australia) Shale Shale Arizona 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 33 33 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock Peat – Decomposition of plant remains in low O2 environment Lignite – soft brown coal Bituminous coal –carbon increases: harder, blacker Anthracite – very hard, shiny black metamorphosed coal 2023-09-15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-34 34 34 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Evaporites Examples include rock salt (NaCl), rock gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O), and potash (KCl used as a fertilizer) Salt flats – dissolved material precipitated as white crust on ground Potash Salt Flat (Halite) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-35 35 35 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 36 36 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 37 37 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical ROCK ROCK Sedimentary GYPSUM ANHYDRITE Rocks CaSO4· 2H2O CaSO4 Evaporites Gypsum Anhydrite When Gypsum is heated (in a fire) it releases water and consumes heat 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-38 38 38 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Consist of precipitated material from solution Precipitation of material occurs in two ways Inorganic processes Organic processes (biochemical origin) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-39 39 39 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Limestone Most abundant chemical rock Composed mainly of the mineral calcite Organic limestones - coral reefs, broken shells, Inorganic limestones include travertine (caves) and oolitic limestone (with spherical grains) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-40 40 40 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Limestone Kington – the “Limestone City” 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-41 41 41 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Ontario Hall Limestone 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 42 42 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Dolostone Mg replaces some Ca in a limestone Chert microcrystalline silica (SiO2) Varieties include flint and jasper (agate) Occurs as nodules and as tabular layers Also found in banded iron formations 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-43 43 43 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Chalk Composed mainly of the mineral calcite Remains of microorganisms Cocoliths in Cretaceous Chalk (SEM) 2023-09-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 2023-09-15 6-44 44 44 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chalk Cliffs of England And France 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 45 45 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Chalk WWI Canadian Chert Fighting Tunnels – VIMY France 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 46 46 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Close to Home: Niagara Escarpment Sedimentary Rocks Grouped into Formations 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 47 47 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment Sedimentary Rocks Grouped into Formations 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 48 48 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment Understanding the Engineering Response of Sedimentary Formations 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 49 49 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment Understanding the Engineering Response of Sedimentary Formations 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 50 50 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment LOCKPORT Dolomite/Limestone 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 51 51 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment ROCHESTER - Shale 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 52 52 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment THOROLD = Sandstone 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 53 53 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment NEAGHA - Shale 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 54 54 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment GRIMSBY – Sandstone with Shale 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 55 55 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment WHIRLPOOL – Sandstone 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 56 56 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Niagara Escarpment QUEENSTON – Shale 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 57 57 For use by students of Queen’s APSC151 only – Do not distribute APSC 151 Massive and Continuous Groundfall in the Queenston Shale – 14.5m tunnel 2023-09-15 2023-09-15 58 58