Allen School Week 5 Immunity PDF

Week 5 Immunity “Where Education Comes To Life”  Introduction O Immune O Lymphatic system system O Works with immune system to remove O Protects the disease-causing body agains...

Week 5 Immunity “Where Education Comes To Life”  Introduction O Immune O Lymphatic system system O Works with immune system to remove O Protects the disease-causing body against agents O Bacteria O Organs O Viruses O Thymus O Fungi O Spleen O Toxins O Lymph nodes O Parasites O Cancer “Where Education Comes To Life” “Where Education Comes To Life”  The Lymphatic System O Network of connecting vessels O Collects fluid (lymph) between cells and returns it to bloodstream ( drains protein-containing fluids from tissue spaces) O Functions to defend the body against pathogens by producing lymphocytes O Metastasis- cancer that has traveled/spread “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Pathways O Lymphatic capillaries ( larger than blood capillaries) O Extend into interstitial spaces O Permeable, thin walls pick up fluid, now call lymph O Delivers lymph to lymphatic vessels O Lymphatic vessels O Deliver lymph to lymph nodes O Cells in nodes can remove pathogens from lymph and start an immune response O Leaves nodes through efferent lymphatic vessels “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Pathways (cont.) O Lymphatic trunks O Receive lymph from efferent lymphatic vessels O Lymphatic collecting ducts O Thoracic duct O Left side of head and neck, left arm, left side of thorax, entire abdominopelvic area, and both legs O Right lymphatic duct O Right side of head and neck, right arm, and right side of chest “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Nodes O Small, glandular structures O Located along paths of larger lymphatic vessels O Afferent lymphatic vessels – Lymph to node (enters lymph nodes) O Efferent lymphatic vessels – Lymph from node ( enters leaves lymph nodes) “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Nodes (cont.) O Cells in nodes O Macrophages – digest unwanted pathogens O Moncytes found in blood O Phagocyte:  engulfs/”eats” pathogens O Lymphocytes – start an immune response against pathogen O Nodes can generate some lymphocytes “Where Education Comes To Life” Lymph node locatio n “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Organs Tonsils O Three groups of tonsils ( helps to protect against bacteria and other harmful substances that may enter the body through the mouth or nose O Palatine O Commonly removed in a tonsillectectomy O Pharyngeal -- Also called the adenoids O Located in the walls of the soft palatine, near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx O Swollen in infection and allergies O Lingual O Located near the base of the tongue “Where Education Comes To Life”  Pharyng eal Palatine Lingual “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Organs The Thymus O Thymus O Located just above the heart in the mediastinum-behind sternum O Large in children, shrinks as we age O Functions O Same as lymph nodes O Also produces T-lymphocytes or T-cells O Produces thymosin – stimulates the production of lymphocytes “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lymphatic System: Spleen O Spleen O Largest lymphatic organ O Located in the upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity O Functions O Filters blood similarly to lymph nodes O Removes (destroys) worn-out red cells O Blood storage O If removed (splenectomy), liver takes over most of its function “Where Education Comes To Life”  Defenses Against Disease O Infection O Nonspecific defenses O The presence of a O Species resistance pathogen in or on the body O Mechanical barriers O Pathogen O Chemical barriers O A disease-causing O Phagocytosis agent O Innate immunity O Fever O Nonspecific defenses O Inflammation to protect against pathogens “Where Education Comes To Life”  Defenses Against Disease: Specific Defenses O Immunities O Other substances O Protect against very O Proteins – antibodies specific pathogens and complements O WBCs – lymphocytes O Antigens and macrophages O Foreign substances in O Lymph system the body O Cytokines – assist in immune response regulation “Where Education Comes To Life”  Defenses Against Disease (cont.) Two major types of lymphocytes produced by lymphoid tissues B Cells and T Cells Recognize antigens in the body BBcells cells TTCells Cells produce  produceantibodies antibodiesand andprovide provide cells  cellscome comefrom fromthe thethymus thymus immunity immunityagainst againstcirculating circulating gland gland bacterial bacterialand andviral viralinfection infection Bind Bindtotoantigens antigenson oncells cells and andattack attackthem themdirectly directly “Where Education Comes To Life”  Defenses Against Disease (cont.) OT-cell Types O Cytotoxic T cells O Protect body against viruses and cancer cells O Helper T cells O Stimulate the production of killer T-cells and more B cell formation, and phagocytosis O Memory T cells O Remembers how to get rid of a pathogen “Where Education Comes To Life”  Antibodies O Also called immunoglobulins O IgA O Prevents pathogens from entering body O Found in endocrine secretions, nasal, tears, bile O IgD O Found on B cell membranes ( surface) O Thought to control B cell activity ( Action is unknown) O IgE O Found with IgA in endocrine gland secretions O Involved in triggering allergic reactions O IgG O Recognizes bacteria, viruses, and toxins O Found in all body fluids O IgM O Large and binds to antigens on food, bacteria, or incompatible blood cells O First antibody made in response to infection “Where Education Comes To Life”  Immune Responses and Acquired Immunity O Primary immune response occurs with first exposure to antigen O Slow process O Memory cells are formed O Secondary immune response with next exposure to same antigen O Quick and carried out by memory cells O Usually prevents person from developing disease from the antigen “Where Education Comes To Life”  Immune Responses and Acquired Immunity (cont.) O Naturally acquired active immunity O Natural exposure to antigen – having an illness O Makes antibodies and memory cells O Long-lasting O Artificially acquired active immunity O Injected with pathogen – immunizations O Makes antibodies and memory cells O Long-lasting “Where Education Comes To Life” Immune Responses and Acquired Immunity (cont.) O Naturally acquired passive immunity O Acquired from mother O Breast milk O Placenta O Short-lived O Artificially acquired passive immunity O Injected with antibodies (such as antivenom) O Short-lived “Where Education Comes To Life”  REVIEW “Where Education Comes To Life”  Major Immune System Disorders O Cancer O Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells form malignant tumors O 200 known types O Treatment based on stage 0 – very early; cancer cells localized I – spread to deeper layers or some in surrounding tissues II – spread to surrounding tissues but contained in primary site III – spread beyond primary site into nearby areas IV – spread to other organs Recurrent – reappeared after treatment “Where Education Comes To Life”  Major Immune System Disorders (cont.) O Allergies O Immune response to an allergen O Can be excessive O IgE antibodies bind to allergens and stimulate mast cells to release histamine and heparin O Triggers allergic response “Where Education Comes To Life”  Major Immune System Disorders (cont.) O Signs/symptoms O Inhaled allergens – runny nose, sneezing, coughing, wheezing O Ingested allergens – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea O Skin allergens – rashes O Allergens in blood – most life-threatening; can affect many organs O Treatment O Antihistamines, decongestants – OTC or prescription O Epinephrine for anaphylaxis – vasoconstriction, increasing BP O Anaphylaxis – life-threatening response “Where Education Comes To Life”  Anaphylaxis O serious allergic reaction [itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure] that is rapid in onset and may cause death. O Common causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications. O TREATMENT: epinephrine injection “Where Education Comes To Life” Anaphylaxis “Where Education Comes To Life” Common Immune System Disorders O Autoimmune disease O Body attacks its own antigens O Examples O Scleroderma O Rheumatoid arthritis O Multiple sclerosis O Glomerulonephritis O Chron’s disease O Diabetes mellitus, type I “Where Education Comes To Life” Common Immune System Disorders (cont.) Disorder Description AIDS Development of severe signs and symptoms caused by HIV as it destroys lymphocytes; leaves immune system weakened and susceptible to other diseases Chronic fatigue Condition of severe tiredness not relieved by rest syndrome and not related to other illnesses (CFS) Lymphedema Blockage of lymphatic vessels results in tissue swelling that increases over time “Where Education Comes To Life” AIDS “Where Education Comes To Life”  Common IS Disorders (cont.) Disorder Description Mononucleosis “Mono”; highly contagious viral infection spread through saliva of infected person. Epstein-Barr Virus believed to cause the infection Systemic lupus Autoimmune disorder; antibodies erythematous produces that target own cells and (SLE) tissues; affects women more often than men “Where Education Comes To Life” Common Immune System Disorders (cont.) Disorder Description Lymphadenitis Inflammation of the lymph glands. Referred to as swollen glands. Lymphoma Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and tissue Hodgkin’s Lymphatic system disease that can result I solid Disease tumors in any lymphoid tissue Multiple Autoimmune disorder of the central nervous Sclerosis system in which the myelin sheath of nerves is attacked “Where Education Comes To Life”  Word Building OSplen/o + ectomy = Splenectomy Removal of the spleen O Splen/o + megaly = Splenomegaly Enlargement of the spleen “Where Education Comes To Life”  More Words !!! Lymph/o + aden/o + it is = Lymphadenitis Inflammation of the lymph glands “Where Education Comes To Life”  Abbreviation Challenge BPM CAD MI AV SA DVT PE WBC CVA TIA COPD PE TB SOB CPR PFT ABG URI “Where Education Comes To Life”  Abbreviation Answers BPM Beats per minute CAD Coronary artery disease MI Myocardial infarction AV Atrioventricular SA Sinoatrial DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis PE Pulmonary embolism WBC White Blood Cell CVA Cerebro-Vascular Accident (Stroke) TIA Transient Ischemia Attack (mini stroke, temporary) COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease PE Pulmonary Embolism TB Tuberculosis SOB Shortness of Breath CPR Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation PFT Pulmonary Function Test ABG Arterial Blood Gas URI Upper Respiratory Infection “Where Education Comes To Life”  TERMS O Anatomy: O Physiology: O Tachycardia: O Badycardia: “Where Education Comes To Life”  Answers O Anatomy: study of the structure of the body O Physiology: study of the function of the body O Tachycardia: > 100 beats per minute O Badycardia: < 60 beats per minute “Where Education Comes To Life”  Review O cardi = heart O gastr = stomach O hepat = liver O neur = nerve O -algia = pain O -itis = inflammation/infection O -oma = tumor O -megaly = enlarged O -ectomy = removal of O Splen = spleen O Anatomical position -- “Where Education Comes To Life”