A & P Notes PDF

A & P Notes (Converted to Word Form) Reminders: - Chapter 13: No Class Thursday (Online Activity) - April 17: Optional Exam, Retake sign-up opens Meninges: - Dura mater: thick outermost layer - Arachnoid Layer: full of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Pia Mater: closest to brain - Brain has the consis...

A & P Notes (Converted to Word Form) Reminders: - Chapter 13: No Class Thursday (Online Activity) - April 17: Optional Exam, Retake sign-up opens Meninges: - Dura mater: thick outermost layer - Arachnoid Layer: full of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Pia Mater: closest to brain - Brain has the consistency of unset gelatin Ventricles & Subarachnoid Space: - Filled with CSF, makes brain buoyant Brain Regions: - Cerebrum: Higher processing, 2 hemispheres, corpus callosum - Cerebellum: Coordination - Diencephalon: Endocrine functions - Brainstem: Reflexes, heart rate, blood pressure (vital functions) Brainstem Includes: - Midbrain: Regulates auditory and visual reflexes - Pons: Links cerebellum and brainstem - Medulla Oblongata: Connects brain and spinal cord, regulates HR & BP Diencephalon Components: - Epithalamus (pineal gland - melatonin) - Thalamus (visual, auditory) - Hypothalamus (many hormones) Limbic System: - Amygdala: Fight or flight, emotional memory - Hippocampus: Learning, long-term memory - Emotions are key for learning Cerebellum: - Coordination - Gray and white matter - Arbor Vitae (“tree of life”) Lobes and Cortices: - Frontal Lobe: Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus), voluntary movement - Temporal Lobe: Auditory and olfactory cortex - Parietal Lobe: Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), sensory awareness - Occipital Lobe: Visual cortex Speech Areas: - Broca’s Area: Speech production - Wernicke’s Area: Language comprehension Cranial Nerves: - I: Olfactory - II: Optic - III–XII: From brainstem Sensory Concepts: - General senses: touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception - Receptive field: Smaller fields = easier stimulus localization Neurological Disorders: - Referred Pain - Parkinson’s Disease: Low dopamine, high muscle tone - ALS: Motor neuron degeneration - Alzheimer’s: Dementia, poor neural communication - MS: Demyelination - Cerebral Palsy: Voluntary muscle pathway issues - Rabies: Viral, from animal bites Nervous System: - Sympathetic: Fight/flight; ↑ metabolism, HR, BP; ↓ digestion, urination - Parasympathetic: Rest/digest; ↑ digestion, urination; ↓ HR, BP Neurotransmitters: - Preganglionic: ACh (both systems) - Sympathetic Ganglionic: NE, E - Parasympathetic Ganglionic: ACh Receptors: - Adrenergic (alpha & beta) - Cholinergic (nicotinic & muscarinic) Autonomic Reflex Arcs: From receptor to effector Special Senses: Olfaction: - Smell receptor neurons through cribriform plate → olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → cortex Gustation: - Taste: sour, bitter, salty, sweet, umami - Gustatory cells; facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus nerves Vision: - Eye accessories: eyelid, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland/sac - Eye layers: fibrous, vascular, inner - Iris: Pigmented muscle controlling pupil size - Pupil: Light regulation - Lens: Focus via ciliary body - Retina: Photoreceptors (rods for dim, cones for color) - Optic Disk: Blind spot - Fovea Centralis: Clearest vision - Vision Issues: Emmetropia (normal), Hyperopia (farsighted), Myopia (nearsighted) Ear: - External: Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane - Middle: Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), auditory tube - Inner: Semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea Functions: - Hearing: Cochlea (Organ of Corti, hair cells) - Equilibrium: Vestibule, semicircular canals (acceleration, rotation)