AP Gov Unit 4 Slides PDF

AP U.S. Government UNIT 4- & Politics AMERICAN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND BELIEFS  LIBERAL & CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGIES Topic 4.1- American Attitudes about Government & Politics LIBERAL:...

AP U.S. Government UNIT 4- & Politics AMERICAN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND BELIEFS  LIBERAL & CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGIES Topic 4.1- American Attitudes about Government & Politics LIBERAL: INDIVIDUALISM More likely to change Places an individual’s interests above the group; people pursue their policy with the times. own self-interest with little government interference. (C) Supports tax money to help the poor and to provide EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY gov. services. Supports liberties over order. Agrees that government support (through laws and policy) creates a level-playing field for opportunity for ALL people. (L) CONSERVATIVE: FREE ENTERPRISE More likely to be slow to “Laissez Faire” government approach in the economy; the economy would be change. Favors less naturally regulated by the decisions of consumers and producers. (C) government involvement in the economy and services. RULE OF LAW Supports order over A government that establishes laws that apply equally to ALL, liberties. including government leaders; prevents abuses of power. (L)  LIBERAL & CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGIES Topic 4.1- American Attitudes about Government & Politics LIBERAL: CONSERVATIVE: Leans “LEFT” on the Leans “RIGHT” on the MODERATE Political Spectrum. Political Spectrum. n o tes, r I n you and. s v i deo liberal rious t c h this n how o n va Wa te dow s diffe r wri rvative sues. e is cons  FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POLITICAL BELIEFS Topic 4.2- Political Socialization POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION: The process by which you develop your political beliefs. ✔ Family: Opinions are often shaped in childhood and mostly by parents/family adults. ✔ School: Scholarly and educated discussions led by teachers and/or professors. ✔ Peers: Those who you choose to have emotional bonds and relationships with. ✔ Media: Your go-to news and social media outlets (both real and fictional information). ✔ Social Environments: Church, sports, volunteer groups, etc. that you elect to be a part of. ✔ Geography: Your location in the country has homogenous traits- like lifestyle, education levels, population density, etc. ✔ Globalization: US exposure to values, cultural similarities, and economies in other parts of the world.  GENERATIONAL & LIFECYCLE EFFECTS Topic 4.3- Changes in Ideology GENERATIONAL EFFECTS LIFECYCLE EFFECTS ✔ Defined by the “block” of people in ✔ The variety of physical, social, and your Age-Group. psychological changes that people go ✔ Blocks share similar cultural through as they age. experiences & historical shifts. 4 Main Generational Blocks: Lifecycles can include: 1.) Silent Generation (born before 1945) - Moving on to college/early adulthood 2.) Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964) - Marriage & kids 3.) Generation X (born 1964-1982) - Retirement 4.) Millennials (born 1982-1995) - Seniors (health concerns). 5.) Generation Z (born 1996- 2012)  HOW GENERATIONAL GROUPS Topic 4.4- Influence of Political Events on Ideology ARE INFLUENCED SILENT GENERATION BABY BOOMERS GENERATION X MILLENNIALS MAJOR EVENTS AS MAJOR EVENTS AS MAJOR EVENTS AS MAJOR EVENTS AS INFLUENCE: Great INFLUENCE: Vietnam, Civil INFLUENCE: Détente and INFLUENCE: September Depression & World War Rights Movement, and Social Liberalism 11th Attacks & the Great II assassinations of JFK, MLK Recession SOCIAL ISSUES: Jr. and more. SOCIAL ISSUES: More Environmental activism SOCIAL ISSUES: Leans SOCIAL ISSUES: increased, but a general much more liberal than conservative on issues like Conservative with family gay marriage and balance existed on previous generations on values, but growing support women’s rights. Strong on gender and race issues. gender, race, and drug of gender and race equality, religious values. and recreational drug-use. legalization. OVERALL: Much more OVERALL: OVERALL: OVERALL: Interactive with others Untrusting of Government individualistic; less Patriotic and trusting of ambitious about political and independent of & champions of the government. underdog. issues. expectations.  HOW GENERATIONAL GROUPS Topic 4.4- Influence of Political Events on Ideology ARE INFLUENCED GEN Z MAJOR EVENTS AS INFLUENCE: September 11th Attacks, the Great Recession, the rise of Social Media, BLM, COVID-19 SOCIAL ISSUES: Support Diversity and Inclusion, Distrust of Gov’t and traditional institutions, choose to address wealth gaps, desire Bi-partisan solutions OVERALL: political leanings are defined by progressive social values, a concern for economic and environmental justice, skepticism of traditional institutions, and a global, digitally-informed perspective.  PAUSE FOR REVIEW Topic 4.1-4.4: REVIEW 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 - Liberal - Political -Generational -Silent Generation - Conservative Socialization Effects -Baby Boomer - Individualism -Lifestyle Effects -Generation X - Equality of -Millennials Opportunity - Free Enterprise - Rule of Law Multiple Choice & FRQ Practice- pgs. 419-423  MEASURES Topic 4.5- Measuring Public Opinion TYPES OF POLLS APPROVAL RATINGS FOCUS GROUPS Public Opinion Polls: Polls are regularly taken Gaining insight from Gauges attitudes on issues to measure the public’s people in groups of 10-40 or candidates. view of a president’s people. Benchmark Polls: Taken performance. prior to announcing ✔ Allows for more candidacy to measure One of the most dramatic in-depth conversations support. shifts in public opinion was about issues and a Tracking Polls: Measures President George W. Bush’s candidate. where people stand Approval Ratings: heading into an election. - Post 9/11 Attack: 90% Entrance & Exit: Conducted - Post Great Recession: on election day to predict 29% an outcome.  POLLING METHODS Topic 4.5- Measuring Public Opinion METHODOLOGY QUESTIONS: Should be objective, unemotional, and not “leading”. Ex.) Should the US give foreign aid to other nations? SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: Representative Sample: A small group that fairly represents the larger group in question. Random Sample: Using a computer to randomize possible phone numbers so as to remove bias selection of the respondents. Sample Size: 1,000 – 2,000 people Weighting/Stratification: Making sure that demographic groups are properly represented in a sample. SAMPLING ERROR: Margin of Error; plus or minus 4% is considered reliable. PUSH POLL: Polling that “pushes” certain opinions & viewpoints. Push-polls are considered bias and deceptive.  PUBLIC OPINION POLLS: CLAIMS, Topic 4.6- Evaluating Public Opinion Data CREDIBILITY, & RELIABILITY MEDIA INFLUENCE POLLING RELIABILITY OBSTACLES ✔ Polling determines Horse Racing: Predicting Non-Response Bias: which candidates get election winners based on People who don’t trust more TV time (debates, polling data. media won’t participate in interviews, etc.) a poll. Social Reliability Bias: Bandwagon Effect: A shift ✔ Loud voices on Social Voters may not be honest in support to a candidate Media could skew what with Pollsters about who who leads in public opinion is perceived as public they are voting for. polls. opinion. ✔ Polls become more Bradley Effect: Polls show ✔ Less credible pollsters favor with candidates from do exist; they use aggressive around minority groups, but election biased language and Presidential elections results do not always reflect are funded by SIGs & that. political parties.  PAUSE FOR REVIEW Topic 4.5-4.6: REVIEW 4.5 4.6 - Public Opinion Polls - Bandwagon Effect - Tracking Polls - Horse Racing - Benchmark Polls - Social-Reliability - Entrance Polls Bias - Exit Polls - Bradley Effect - Approval Ratings - Non-Response Bias - Focus Groups - Sample Error - Push Poll Multiple Choice & FRQ Practice- pgs. 439-443  POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Topic 4.7- Ideologies of eral Political Parties g e n m p are the Co s of Let’s eologie TIC and id CRA par ties : DEMOCRAT: O DEM LICAN Supports more Liberal Issues: UNDERSTANDING IDEOLOGY REPB - Healthcare & assistance for the poor ✔ IDEOLOGY: A comprehensive set of ideas and - Women’s Rights (health & Work) - Minority & LBGTQ Rights beliefs. - Immigrant path to citizenship - Most Americans agree on certain issues- education - Environmental Protections for all, a strong economy, national security (Valence - Worker’s Unions Issues). - They disagree on HOW and the STRATEGIES to REPUBLICAN: address those issues (Wedge Issues). Supports more Conservative Issues: - Limited assistance for the poor SALIENCY: Divisive issues that are intensely important - Supports harsher punishments (ex. to a party or group. Death penalty) - Traditional Families & Religious Values ✔ Most Americans are MODERATE (in the middle) of - Secure borders the Liberal-Conservative Spectrum (See 4.1). - Gun rights protections - Protections for big businesses  OFF-THE-LINE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Topic 4.7- Ideologies of Political Parties OFF-THE-LINE: Political ideologies that do not simply fall on the linear “Liberal-Conservative” spectrum. LIBERTARIAN POPULIST PROGRESSIVE Characteristics: Generally Characteristics: Religious, Characteristics: Urban opposed to government patriotic, lower-income, residents, they challenge intervention in all matters. mostly rural. government and big business Conservative on: Social & corruption, environmentalists. Conservative on: Economic Moral Issues (Against Conservative on: Not much. Issues (Against a minimum abortion, sexual freedom, However, some Progressive wage, social welfare, and immigration, anti-Christian factions are very religious business regulations.) morals). (love-based faith). Liberal on: Social and Liberal on: Economic Issues Liberal on: Economic, Social and moral Issues (Supports moral Issues (Government should (Supports workers help the poor, disadvantaged, and LBGTQ rights, pro-choice, protections, minimum wage, environment. Supports taxing the gender and race equality). farm subsidies, welfare). wealthy and social equality).  IDEOLOGY & POLICY MAKING Topic 4.8- Ideology & Policy Making INFLUENCES ON & FORMATION OF POLICY MAJOR INFLUENCES ON PUBLIC POLICY: 1.) MAJORITARIAN: Government will adjust policy based on the will of the majority; often seen first at state and local levels. 2.) INTEREST GROUP: A pluralist approach to policy based on competing interests. 3.) BALANCING LIBERTY & ORDER: Debate- How to protect individual liberties (liberal) while promoting social order (conservative). FORMATION OF POLICY: SEQUENCE: 1.) Make an Agenda 2.) Study, research, and hear from experts about an issue with growing attention. 3.) Implement & Administer: Fund the agency that will regulate & enforce the policy.  KEYNESIAN V. SUPPLY-SIDE Topic 4.9- Ideology and Economic Policy eo logy id an o l i tical eynesi ld ch P rt K ou Whi suppo hich w ? ld W de KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS wou omics? pply-Si SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS u Econ ppor t S su ORIGIN: English Economist John Maynard Keynes ORIGIN: Economic Advisor to Ronald Reagan. theorized that the government should help to Believed that the government should leave the keep the markets and the economy stable. money supply in the hands of the people. KEY POINTS: ✔ The Government needs to oversee fluctuating KEY POINTS: demand and spending by the people. ✔ Laissez Faire approach (Free-Market). ✔ Low Demand = more gov. spending and/or ✔ Natural laws of economics- like supply and less taxes. demand, will guide the economy. ✔ High Demand= increase taxes (mostly on the ✔ Less government taxing = more spending wealthy) and/or decreases in spending. $$= more jobs. ✔ Example: FDR and the creation of Public ✔ The gov. will acquire revenue through state Works projects in the New Deal. sales taxes and corporate profits.  FISCAL V. MONETARY POLICY Topic 4.9- Ideology and Economic Policy FISCAL POLICY MONETARY POLICY FISCAL POLICY: The part of economic policy that is MONETARY POLICY: How the government manages concerned with government spending and taxation. the supply of currency and value of the US dollar. ARTICLE I: Congress has the power to lay and FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD- “The Fed”: collect taxes. ✔ A board of seven governors who serve for 14 16th Amendment: Allowed Congress to tax years and rotate as chairman. people’s income ✔ Sets monetary policy by: INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE (IRS): Oversees - Buying and selling bonds the tax collection process. - Regulating reserves at commercial banks & ✔ Taxes: Liberals support a Progressive Tax setting discount rates- rate of actual (increased income=increased taxes). loaned dollars to the banks. Conservatives support a Flat Tax (all pay the - Setting interest rates same rate). BALANCING THE BUDGET: Partisanship has Regulating Inflation: Reserve requirements for made it difficult to agree on government banks and rates for gov. bonds (IOU’s) are set. spending.  IDEOLOGY & ECONOMIC POLICY Topic 4.9- Ideology & Economic Policy POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES ON ECONOMIC POLICY DIFFERING VIEWS ON FISCAL & MONETARY POLICY: ✔ FISCALLY: - Liberals are more willing to budget for government programs & assistance. - Conservatives prefer spending on defense, but less taxing on income overall. ✔ MONETARILY: - Liberals don’t think that monetary policy is enough; the FED can only do so much. - Conservatives like “easy money” loans from banks & low interest rates to stimulate buying. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES ON GLOBAL TRADE: *The US is quite globalized and prefers a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports). 1.) Liberals: Laborers & unions feel that outsourcing & free trade threatens their jobs. 2.) Conservatives: A free-flow of global goods benefits businesses & manufacturers.  SOCIAL ISSUES & IDEOLOGY Topic 4.10- Ideology and Social Policy ENTITLEMENTS: Government services promised BY LAW to citizens (included in Congress’ Mandatory Spending obligations) See why Healthcare is a SOCIAL SECURITY tough topic. HEALTHCARE ✔ Federal safety-net for the elderly Medicare & Medicaid: Health insurance for 65+ and those unable to work. (Medicare) and those in poverty (Medicaid). Makes up almost 20% of the federal budget. ✔ Created amid the Great Depression; has become the largest Entitlement Affordable Care Act (2010): A government-provided Program through a direct tax (FICA). insurance option for all people; created because of high costs & limitations by private insurance companies. VIEWS: -Both Conservatives and liberals VIEWS: realize problems exist; people are - Liberals: Support government provided health living longer making it more difficult support & care for all who need it. to afford the system. No good plan is - Conservatives: Prefer private health providers; in place by either group. competition would increase, leading to lower costs.  SOCIAL ISSUES & IDEOLOGY Topic 4.10- Ideology and Social Policy LABOR GOVERNMENT & PRIVACY Liberals: Support labor unions & PRIVACY & INTIMACY: Liberals: Support privacy as a 9th amendment right regulation of the workplace. regarding sex (Griswold v. Connecticut 1965) and marriage. -Historically, Democrats have created Conservatives: Believe that the right to privacy cannot legislation that supports workers and be enforced by the federal government because it is not limits the power of businesses. explicitly mentioned in the Bill of Rights. INFORMATIONAL PRIVACY: Conservatives: Believe workers Both liberals and conservatives support data and digital would be more productive if profits privacy, but conservatives are more willing to give up reflected their earnings; Gov. should privacy in exchange for national security. be “hands off”. - Policies favor tax-breaks for EDUCATION & RELIGION: Issue- separation of church & businesses to promote growth; tends state. Should states divert funds to private/religious schools? to be anti-union. - Liberals: No. Public schools are dependent on funding. - Conservatives: Yes. School environment should be a choice.  PAUSE FOR REVIEW Topic 4.7-4.10: REVIEW 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 - Ideology - Majoritarian -Keynesian -Medicare - Saliency Economics -Medicaid - Moderate -Supply-Side -Baby Boomer - Libertarian Economics -Affordable Care - Populist -Fiscal Policy Act - Progressive -Monetary Policy -16th Amendment -Internal Revenue Service -Progressive Tax -Flat Tax -Federal Reserve Board Multiple Choice & FRQ Practice- pgs. 476-480