A&P CH 10 outline.docx

Chapter 10 --Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain I. Structure and Function a. Structure -- 2 parts i. Central Nervous System (CNS) 1. Includes brain and spinal cord 2. Brain is located in the cranial cavity 3. Spinal cord is located in...

Chapter 10 --Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain I. Structure and Function a. Structure -- 2 parts i. Central Nervous System (CNS) 1. Includes brain and spinal cord 2. Brain is located in the cranial cavity 3. Spinal cord is located in the spinal cavity ii. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 4. Located outside the CNS 5. Consists of the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body b. Function iii. Sensory Function 6. Sensory nerves gather and carry that information to the CNS iv. Integrative function 7. Sensory information is interpreted. 8. The brain puts together what it needs to know about that sensory information v. Motor Function 9. Motor nerves carry information from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body II. Nervous System Cells c. Neuroglia (glial cells) vi. Most abundant and most located in the CNS vii. Support, nourish, protect, insulate, care for delicate neurons viii. Do not conduct nerve impulses ix. Two common glial cells 10. Astrocytes a. Most abundant b. Most diverse function i. Support neuron structurally ii. Help form the Blood Brain Barrier 11. Ependymal calls c. Line inside cavity of the brain d. Assist in formation of cerebrospinal fluid d. Neuron x. Most important in electrical transmission xi. Classifications 12. Sensory (afferent)-carry information from PNS to CNS 13. Motor (efferent)-carry information from CNS to pNS 14. Interneurons -- locate in CNS -- integrate all sensory info and appropriate motor response xii. Parts of the neuron xiii. Dendrites 15. Receive signals from other neurons and transmit signal to cell body xiv. Cell body 16. Contains nucleus 17. Receives signals from dendrite and decides what signal is sent to the axon xv. Axon 18. Transmits signal away from cell body 19. Structure of Axon e. Myelin sheath iii. White fatty material that protects and insulates the axon iv. CNS -- formed by oligodendrocytes-no neurilemma-CNS cells cannot regenerate v. PNS -- formed by Schwann cells- neurilemma allows for regeneration of severed nerve xvi. Nodes of ranvier 20. Sections between myelination of the axon that allow jumping of nerve impulse xvii. White Matter vs Gray Matter 21. White matter appears white because of myelinated axons 22. Gray matter is made up of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, interneurons, and synapses 23. Small clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are referred to as nuclei 24. Small clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are referred to as ganglia e. Nerve Impulse -- what causes it? xviii. Electrical signal that conveys info along the neuron xix. Called action potential xx. Phases of action potential 25. Resting membrane potential -- resting neuron f. Inside of neuron is negative g. Outside of neuron is positive h. Chief intracellular ion is K+ i. Outward leak of K+ is responsible to this phase 26. Depolarization j. Neuron is stimulated k. Inside becomes positive l. Outside becomes negative m. Na+ rushes into cell causing the inside to become positive 27. Repolarization n. Inside returns to negative o. Outside returns to positive p. Na+ diffusion is stopped q. K+ rapidly diffuses out of cell f. The nerve impulse -- what causes it to move and move quickly? xxi. Moves like a wave toward the axon terminal xxii. Myelination increases the movement of the nerve impulse along the axon xxiii. Nerve impulse jumps from node to node (Nodes of Ranvier) -- called saltatory conduction g. Synapse xxiv. Nerve impulse travels the length of the axon to the synapse xxv. Synapse helps move information chemically to the next neuron xxvi. Parts of a synapse 28. Synaptic cleft r. Space that exists between neurons 29. Receptors s. The dendrite of one neuron has receptors that receive a signal from the previous neuron 30. Neurotransmitters t. Chemicals that bind to receptor sites u. Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine 31. Inactivators v. Substances that terminate neurotransmitter activity III. Brain -- Structure and Function h. Cerebrum xxvii. Largest part of brain xxviii. Right and left hemisphere xxix. Corpus callosum -- divides right and left, allows communication between right and left brain xxx. Four lobes 32. Frontal -- executive functions, primary motor cortex, Broca's area (motor speech) 33. Parietal -- primary somatosensory area- allows sensations such as pain, touch, proprioception 34. Temporal -- primary auditory cortex -- hearing, olfactory area -- smell, Wernicke's area -- translation of thought into words 35. Occipital -- visual cortex xxxi. Cerebral cortex 36. thin layer of gray matter forms outermost portion of cerebrum. Allows us to perform higher mental tasks xxxii. White matter 37. bulk of cerebrum directly below cerebral cortex. Forms connections between parts of the brain and spinal cord xxxiii. Gyri (convolutions) 38. elevations in folded cerebrum xxxiv. Sulcus 39. gyri is separated by grooves called sulcus. Deep sulcus is called fissure xxxv. Patches of gray 40. basal nuclei scattered throughout the white matter of cerebrum -- helps regulate body movement and facial expression 41. a deficiency in dopamine within the gray matter causes Parkinson's disease --(shaking palsy) i. Diencephalon xxxvi. Beneath cerebrum and above brain stem xxxvii. Includes thalamus and hypothalamus xxxviii. Thalamus 42. Relay station for sensory fibers traveling from the brain to the spinal cord xxxix. Hypothalamus 43. Sits directly below thalamus 44. Helps regulate temperature, water balance, and metabolism 45. Helps regulate the function of ANS 46. Under hypothalamus is pituitary gland j. Brain stem xl. Midbrain 47. Extends from lower diencephalon to pons 48. Relays sensory and motor information 49. Reflex center for vision and hearing xli. Pons 50. Extends from midbrain to medulla oblongata 51. Regulation of breathing rate and rhythm xlii. Medulla oblongata 52. Connects the spinal cord and pons 53. Called the vital center because it controls HR, BP, respirations 54. Sensitive to opioids -- overdose suppresses medulla oblongata which decreases respirations 55. Vomiting center or emetic center k. Cerebellum xliii. Structure that protrudes from underneath the occipital lobe xliv. Coordination of voluntary muscle activity and maintaining posture and equilibrium IV. Structures across the brain l. Limbic system xlv. Emotional brain m. Reticular formation xlvi. Alerts cerebral cortex of incoming sensory info xlvii. Regulates muscle tone xlviii. Reticular activating system 56. Concerned with sleep-wake cycle 57. Stages of sleep w. NREM -- light to deep sleep x. REM -- fluctuating BP, pulse, resp rate, 90-120 minutes/night V. Protection n. Bone xlix. First layer of protection-cranium and vertebral column o. Meninges l. Connective tissue that surround brain and spinal cord li. Dura mater 58. Outermost, thick layer 59. Dural membrane splits to form dural sinuses filled with blood 60. Beneath dura mater is subdural space lii. Arachnoid mater 61. Middle layer-looks like spider web 62. Space below is subarachnoid space -- circulates CSF forms cushion around brain and spinal cord liii. Pia mater 63. Innermost layer-contains many blood vessels p. Cerebrospinal Fluid liv. Formed in ventricles of brain by choroid plexus lv. Protects, nourishes, and removes waste lvi. Flows through subarachnoid space and through the spinal cord eventually ending at the heart q. Blood Brain barrier lvii. Astrocytes that form a selectively permeable membrane that acts as a barrier for movement of chemicals into the CNS