AP Biology Exam #4 Review Sheet PDF

AP BIOLOGY EXAM #4 REVIEW SHEET Multiple Choice Section ​ Identifying the events of each stage of mitosis. ○​ If he shows me all of anaphase, id have to pick telophase as being next ​ Role of microtubules during mitosis ○​ Attach to kinetochores of chromosomes, and shorten...

AP BIOLOGY EXAM #4 REVIEW SHEET Multiple Choice Section ​ Identifying the events of each stage of mitosis. ○​ If he shows me all of anaphase, id have to pick telophase as being next ​ Role of microtubules during mitosis ○​ Attach to kinetochores of chromosomes, and shorten/elongate to move things around the cell during cell division ​ Interpretation of data representing the rate at which cells moving through the cell cycle ○​ Spending no time in S, G2, or Mitosis, then it must be spending all of their time in G1 ​ Identification of the Go Stage of the cell cycle ○​ If their not going through S, G2 and Mitosis, then they are most likely in the G0 stage ​ Role of Cdk-cyclin complex (MPF) on cell division ○​ Diagram, where the end is an inactive cyclin Cdk complex (if it's inactive, then mitosis and cell division will STOP and prevent it from occurring because there's no MPF action). ​ Identification of possible mutations that cause cancerous tumors ○​ Something that causes excessive cell division can cause cancer (if it prevents cell division, that does NOT cause cancer). Tumor suppressor gene (that's a GOOD thing), and if you somehow mess that up and lose that suppressor, its cancer time baby. ​ Description of crossing over. ○​ Swip-swapping DNA to increase genetic diversity in meiosis. ​ Identification of a diagram of the stages of meiosis and independent assortment’s impact on genetic diversity ○​ Law if independent assortment is in Metaphase I of Meiosis I (all the Xs lined up down the middle in pairs, one from mom and one from dad, but they assort independently, meaning that paternal might be on right and maternal on left, or vice versa, and that ultimately determines what ends up in a gamete at the end of Meiosis II). This is also important for linked genes, and the more linked they are, the less crossing over occurs.  ○​ ​ Identification of chromosome arrangement in each stage of meiosis ○​ ​ Calculate the amount of DNA in a cell during each portion of interphase, mitosis, and meiosis. Identify the amount of DNA found in different cell types (somatic cell, zygote, gamete, cell entering mitosis) ○​ Haploid n, Diploid 2n. N from sperm cell + n from egg cell = 2n zygote. Zygote goes though S portion of interphase which is DNA replication, so now it's 2n x 2. Then Mitosis, which split so that both are 2n. ​ Identify dominant and recessive alleles from data. ○​ Normal fruit fly with normal wings + vestigial wings = all offspring with normal wings, then that means that the dominant allele is normal wings. ​ Interpretation of data from monohybrid, dihybrid, and test crosses.  ○​ Monohybrid = a hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specified gene. ○​ Dihybrid = a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits ○​ Test cross = crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive to see what kind of offspring it gets ​ Identification of the type of inheritance pattern from analyzing the phenotypes of offspring ○​ ​ Description and identification of epistasis from data. ○​ Assume what is happening if the genetics is wayyyyyyy off from what we would expect. If you think there is one gene that is impacting the phenotype from somewhere else (if there are three different phenotypes and you can't explain why, then it's EPISTASIS). ​ Identifying Genotypes as either Autosomal or Sexlinked ○​ Autosomal: = AA ○​ Sex Linked = Nn ○​ Put those two together to create genotype (determine the genotypes of the parents from the question) ​ Identifying whether genes are on the same or different chromosomes from data. ○​ When genes are linked together, they are inherited together unless crossing over occurs. Observed will likely differ from expected. ○​ ABC +++ VIDEO QUESTION LOOKING FOR MAP UNIT DISTANCE CROSSING OVER OCCURS IN 6% OF OFFSPRING, THEN DISTANCE IS 6 MAP UNITS. SIMILAR TO LAST TWO QUESTIONS OF FRUIT FLY LAB ​ Linked Genes in relation to Observed and Expected Results ​ Identifying the recombination of alleles during crossing over from data. ​ Interpretation of an autosomal recessive pedigree chart.  ○​ ​ Interpretation of Sex-Linked pedigree chart ○​ ​ Inheritance pattern of an autosomal dominant disease  ○​ ​ Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA ○​ If mom has something, she’ll pass it to all of her kids if its on her mitochondrial DNA ​ Calculate probability of an expected phenotype NOT IN MULTIPLE CHOICE ​ Calculate Chi-square of a genetic cross NOT IN MULTIPLE CHOICE ​ Calculate the number of possible combinations of chromosomes in a gamete NOT IN MULTIPLE CHOICE Long Free Response ​ Describe the sections of interphase and the cell cycle control checkpoints ○​ Be able to explain G1 G2 S and Mitosis, describe the checkpoints of Cdk, cyclin, MPF ​ Analysis of an experiment on the environmental effects on mitosis ○​ Gives me everything i need to know and all the data, just have to run it through chi square analysis ​ Complete a full chi-square analysis and interpret the results ○​ Degrees of freedom is number of possible outcomes - 1 Short Free Response ​ Describe similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis ○​ Meiosis and the production of gametes (where do they go? Law of independent assortment) ​ Graphing and interpreting data from a lab activity that we have completed ​ Relate meiosis (gamete production) to a dihybrid cross and give expected gametes and phenotypes of offspring ○​ If they are on different or the same chromosome, what those alleles would look like Short Free Response Gives me a pedigree, then tells me HEY: HOW IS THIS INHERITED, AND WHYYYYY IS IT NOT ANY OF THE OTHER OPTIONS. GIVE GENOTYPES OF ALL INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE IT. WE WON'T KNOW IF IT'S HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT, CAN ONLY SAY “Nx?” OR “A?”