A&P 1 Lecture 5 PDF

Connective Tissue  Connective Tissues functions Connects epithelium to the rest of the body Provide structural framework & protect organs Store energy (fat) Transport materials (blood) Defend against microorganisms Has no contact with outside envir...

Connective Tissue  Connective Tissues functions Connects epithelium to the rest of the body Provide structural framework & protect organs Store energy (fat) Transport materials (blood) Defend against microorganisms Has no contact with outside environment  Cell Types of Connective Tissue Fibroblasts- the most abundant cell type, found in all connective tissue proper, secrete proteins and cellular cement Macrophages- large cells of the immune system, eat pathogens and damaged cells Adipocytes- each cell stores a single, large fat droplet Mesenchymal cells- stem cells that  Cell Types of Connective Tissue Melanocytes- synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin Mast cells- stimulate inflammation after injury or infection, mast cells are carried by blood, release histamine and heparin Lymphocytes- specialized immune cells in lymphatic system which produce antibodies from plasma cells Microphages- phagocytic blood cells which respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells  Fibers in Connective Tissue Collagen fibers most common fibers in CTP long, straight, and unbranched strong and flexible resists force in 1 direction tendons and ligaments  Fibers in Connective Tissue Proper Reticular fibers network of interwoven fibers strong and flexible resists force in many directions stabilizes functional cells and structures sheaths around organs  Fibers in Connective Tissue Elastic fibers contain elastin branched and wavy return to original length after stretching elastic ligaments of vertebrae  Ground Substance found in connective tissue clear, colorless, and viscous fills spaces between cells and slows pathogens  Connective Tissues The packing materials of the body 3 types in adults Areolar (loose) Adipose Reticular  Areolar Tissue Open framework, Viscous ground substance Holds blood vessels and capillary beds Under skin (subcutaneous layer)  Reticular Tissue Provides support Complex, 3-dimensional network Supportive fibers, support functional cells Reticular organs: spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow  Adipose Tissue Contains many adipocytes (fat cells) stores fat absorbs shocks slows heat loss (insulation) Dense Regular Connective Tissue Attachment and stabilization Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers tendons attach muscles to bones ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize organs  Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Strength in many directions Interwoven networks of collagen fibers layered in skin, around cartilages, around bones form capsules around some organs Fluid Connective Tissues Fluid connective tissues blood and lymph watery matrix of dissolved proteins carry specific cell types (formed elements)  Hemopoeitic Red bone marrow connective tissue Blood forming Found on spongy bone, red bone marrow  Supportive Connective Tissues Support soft tissues and body weight cartilage gel-type ground substance for shock absorption and protection bone calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) for weight support  Hyaline Cartilage translucent matrix, no prominent fibers reduces friction in joints & between bones found in synovial joints & on rib tips  Elastic Cartilage Flexible support, supportive but bends easily found in external ear and epiglottis  Fibrocartilage Resists compression, limits movement Prevents bone-to-bone contact Pads knee joints, between pubic bones and intervertebral discs  Compact Bone Hard outer bone, also called osseous tissue strong (calcium salt deposits) resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)  Spongy Bone Inner bone, Web like – trabeculae, Bone marrow  How do epithelial and connective tissues combine to form 4 types of membranes?  Membranes Membranes are physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body Consist of an epithelium supported by connective tissues 4 Types Mucous Serous Cutaneous Synovial  Mucous Membrane Mucous membranes line passageways that have external connections also in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts  Serous Membrane Line cavities not open to the outside Are thin but strong Have fluid to reduce friction  Cutaneous Membrane Cutaneous membrane is skin, surface of the body thick, waterproof, and dry  Synovial Membrane Line articulating (moving) joint cavities Produce synovial fluid (lubricant) Protect the ends of bones  Fasciae provide strength and stability maintain positions of internal organs provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves the body’s framework of connective tissue layers and wrappings that support or surround organs  3 Types of Fasciae Superficial fascia- between skin & organs, subcutaneous/hypodermis, areolar & adipose tissues  3 Types of Fasciae Deep fascia- strong fibrous network, dense connective tissue  3 Types of Fasciae Subserous fascia- between serous membrane & deep fascia Muscle Tissue  Skeletal Muscle Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated are long and thin, are usually called muscle fibers  Cardiac Muscle Cells Are striated, Involuntary Form branching networks - Bifurcated Connected at intercalated disks Have large round nuclei  Smooth Muscle Tissue Nonstriated, involuntary Long and spindle-shaped, single nucleus Neural Tissue  Neural Tissue specialized for conducting electrical impulses rapidly senses internal or external environment process information and controls responses  2 Kinds of Neural Cells Neurons- nerve cells, perform electrical communication Neuroglia- support cells, repair and supply nutrients to neurons, anchor neurons  Cell Parts of a Neuron Dendrites- short branches extending from the cell body, receive incoming signals Cell body- contains the nucleus and nucleolus Nucleus- control center Axon- long, thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination Synaptic terminals- Sends message to The Neuron Neuroglia  Tissue Injuries and Repair Tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis Cells restore homeostasis with 2 processes inflammation regeneration  Inflammation Inflammation the tissue’s first response to injury Signs of inflammatory response include swelling redness heat pain  Inflammatory Response 1) Can be triggered by trauma (physical injury) infection (the presence of harmful pathogens)  The Process of Inflammation 2) Damaged cells release chemical signals into the surrounding interstitial fluid prostaglandins proteins potassium ions  The Process of Inflammation 3) As cells break down lysosomes release enzymes that destroy the injured cell and attack surrounding tissues tissue destruction is called necrosis 4) Necrotic tissues and cellular debris (pus) accumulate in the wound Abscess- pus trapped in an enclosed area  The Process of Inflammation 5) Injury stimulates mast cells to release histamine heparin prostaglandins 6) Which dilate surrounding blood vessels  The Process of Inflammation 7) Dilation of blood vessels increases blood circulation in the area causes warmth and redness brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area removes wastes 8) Phagocytic white blood cells clean up the area  Regeneration When the injury or infection is cleaned up healing (regeneration) begins Fibroblasts move into necrotic area lay down collagen fibers to bind the area together (scar tissue) New cells migrate into area Not all tissues can regenerate epithelia and connective tissues regenerate well cardiac cells and neurons do not  TAKE HOME Organization of specialized cells into tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous & Attachments of epithelia Classifications of connective tissues The 4 types of membranes The fasciae (superficial, deep and subserous) The 3 types of muscle tissues (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) The 2 types of cells in neural tissue neurons and neuroglia The parts of a neuron (nerve cell) Tissue injuries (inflammation and