ANTH-150 Lecture Notes on Race and Culture PDF

Subject: ANTH-150 Lecture: #1- Early anthropological discourse on race and culture - Early anthropologists created the notions and structured systems of race, so we are the ones ( current anthropologists) have the power to change these set notions and stigma...

Subject: ANTH-150 Lecture: #1- Early anthropological discourse on race and culture - Early anthropologists created the notions and structured systems of race, so we are the ones ( current anthropologists) have the power to change these set notions and stigmas. - Landmark's Evolutionary theory- - Jean-Baptiste Landmark (1744-1829) he was an early zoologist and naturalist - Created a theory of evolution based passing on physical characteristics. "living organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent 'organism' acquired through use and or dis-use within it's life time. - His theory was discredited multiple times by various different scientist and other anthropologists. -August Weismann- - Weismann was a german evolutionary biologist who de-bunked Landmarks' whole theory through his own germ-plasma theory. - He rejected the ideas of ' Inherited of acquired traits' as well as the ideas of how races could not be influenced by environmental factors, - Challenged scholars who believed in monogenism and environmental scholars -Gregor Mendel- - Austrian biologists and and genetic scientific experimented w/ genetics through pea plants and discouraged ' hereditary elements are passed on in discrete units ( genes). -Genetic research was used to justify ideas of race and that some humans are 'better' than others. - Johann Friedrich Blumenback - -German physician, naturalist and anthropologist. -Was the first anthropologists to publish academia categorizing humans into 5 separate categories( Caucasian ,Mongolian , Malayan , Ethiopian and American). - Lewis Henry Morgan - -Anthropologist who studied social evolutionary theory specifically on indigenous Americans. -Created three stages in social evolution classified as the following, savagery, barbarian and civilization. - Charles Darwin evolutionary theory - -Popularized the natural selection theory through it being a main spec on his own theory -His ideas furthered racist notions through his work due to his popularity and academia - All these anthropologist created the notions of race that would lead to the rise in the eugenics theory. -The rise in eugenics movment (1880)- -the fall of Landmark-ism ( Go to begining and re- read about Landmark) -Francis Galton created the term eugenics which is derived from greek meaning 'well born', all of the eugenics theory was derived for Charles Darwin and other anthropologist theories - Eugenics within the U.S.A- -the rise in Eugenics happened within the U.S during a heightened time in diversity due to the influx of immigration. -Anthropologist used media such as brochures and papers to manipulate the minds of the public eye. - 1910 Eugenics record office - -Charles.B. Davenport ( founder ) -Used to collect and promote the finding in academia to promote ' biological' differences between races and humans. -" Permanent improvement of race can only be brought about breeding the best..." -Books written by these academics are still in circulation and are still taught today and integrated within universities and high school biology, psychology as well as the social sciences -Rise of academia anthropology- - 1880s: Anthropology grew during a time period of “American imperialism and the institutionalization of racial segregation and disfranchisement” (Baker, 1998, p. 26). - Prior to 1880s: Anthropology was called Ethnology and involved physicians studying “the so-called races of mankind” (Baker, 1998,p. 26). -First School of American Anthropology established by Samuel Morton, Josiah Nott, and Louis Agassiz - Anthropology & U.S industrial expansion- -The rise of the industrial revolution caused a bigger disparage between classes due to the rise in poverty and disease. -There was also a great increase with lynchings of POC individuals as well as decimation of Native Americans. - PROFESSIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY & JUSTIFYING RACISM- -People turn to academia for explanation in times of fear in order to contain control over their own status within their created hierarchy. -Anthropology was used to justify racism and seeing others as inferior to European white people. -"The black ,the brown and the red races differ anatomically so much from the whites... that even with equal cerebral capacity they could rival "  -Daniel Garrison Briton- -Lecturer on race , he used his work and passed anthropologists scientific research to justify the racial and cultural hierarchy. -His discourse had detrimental effects on the African American communities. - 1896 U.S supreme court and radical segregation- -Segregation was influenced by academia of said works of these early anthropologists and there 'scientific' research on race and commodified Jim crow laws. - Herbert Spencer- -Ideas “survival of the fittest” and “the struggle for existence”. - Ranked and ordered racial-cultural groups from lowest to highest. -Spencer and other scholars at the time associated “black with evil, savagery, and brutishness....the lighter races are superior” (as cited in Baker, 1998, p. 30). - John Wesley Powell- -President of the AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) - He challenged ideas of inferiority of Native American peoples and cultures YET stated that “Federal agents must study indigenous customs because they must necessarily be overthrown before new institutions, customs, philosophy, and religion can be introduced” (as cited in Baker, 1998) - Lewis Henry Morgan- -Allied w/Westly and focus deeply on the 'anatomical' differences between races - Morgans White supremacy Race discourse- -POWER to transfer racist ideologies to government *Fredrick Ward Putnam (1839-1915)* -His studies focused on native American archaeology and ethology -extremely influential and created many anthropology departments -Was anthropologist to introduced the public to his department through his curated museum and fair exhibits. -The used his status within anthropology academia to push his notions of face such as inferior and sovereignty. - 1937 the pioneer fund- -Founded by Wickliffe Draper -Eugenics and racial research and funding provided for research pushing said racist notion forward -Is currently classified as a hate group and is currently running and still providing funding - Anthropology prof Donald Swan & racist discourse- -All work about POC individual being primitive and savage -Supported eugenics and segregation and was arrested for owning Nazi memorabilia and anti semitism -Roger Pearson - -Pioneer fund recipient -Promoted the notion of an aryan race and racial superiority -"If a nation with a more advanced, more specialized, or in any way superior set of genes -mingles with, instead of exterminating, an inferior tribe, then it commits racial suicide, and destroys the work of thousands of years of biological isolation and natural selection” (Splcenter.org).28  - Weastly Crite George- -Made brochures to spread the notions of race superiority and white supremacy - IAAEE- -Association w/numerous published writings on race discourse and Nazi ideology on race superiority -Man kind quarterly - Carlton Putmam- - Ashley Montagu- - 1905-1999, British - American anthropologist and was an underling of Boa's - Ruth Benedict- - 1887-1948, became one of the leading female anthropologists. * Ruth was an individul who though her work in anthropologists she would try and get the people in America to try and socially changed the thoughts of race within the public. - Brouchers / comic strips, stuff that is relatable to children and youth. - Trying to influence people to think differently about race. * Ruth Benedicts race and culture discourse- " culture is the sociological term for learned behaviour which in man is not given at birth..."  - W.E.B Du Bois- - Did not assign race to biological science - Sociologist not an anthropologist but a black respected scholar - Saw race as a "matter of culture and cultural history" - Race was created "not by blood , but through the experience of radical discrimination" - Du Bois took more of an activist approach and created the " Philadelphia negro" study- 1899.. ANTH- 122 Lecture #2 - Race and the power of dicipline: 'Skeletons in the anthropological close - William. S. Willis , Jr. , "skeletons in the anthropological closet" - White anthropologist wielded the girth of the power in fostering racial inequality as well as the discipline overall and discourse surrounding race. Q: Ask yourself, has the discipline tried to keep its history on constructing RACE ideologies hidden? (i.e., keeping the skeletons in the closets?). Q: If so, why do you think discussions on RACE is hidden in Anthropology? - The power brought in by the " new negro movment" (1920s- 1930s) using anthropology to support African Americans. - William.S. Willis- - (1921- 1983 ) Black anthropologists, historian and anti- racist scholar. - Critiqued the dicipline for its power interns of white anthropologists focusing on " studies on dominated coloured peoples—and their ancestors” (p. 123)". - Power of Boas: the father of modern "Anthropologie" - - Believed coloured people were less sensitive to suffering, more or even less forgiving than white people. - Willis also points to the fact that “Boas robbed graves for skeletons and commandeered Indian prisoners for anthropometric measurements” (Rohner, 1969, as cited in Willis, 1969). - W.E.B. Du Bois: "The black man as the 'football of anthropology"- - Anthropologists have played a key role constructed “coloured peoples” as: “Culturally Different” Things to be studied in the “Laboratory” Using descriptions as “Primitive” and “Inferior” Exoticized for “white people’s entertainment” - Attempt to regain POWER over one’s own narrative and representation of peoples - 19th centurey anthropologists: Powerful in constructing racial ideaolagies- - Anthropologists used racist ideologies to “make coloured peoples into different human beings than white people” (Willis, 1969, p. 126). - Willis (1969) further pointed out that white anthropologists were so POWERFUL in shaping racist discourses that “when scientific racism became less popular, anthropologists achieved almost the same result with the concepts of culture and cultural relativism” (p. 126) - Time to bring the skeletons out of the closet! - Power of anthropology : fostering racial inequalities- - Anthropologists’ or Ethnologists’ ideas on race and cultural difference influenced: World’s Fair Organizers Popular Media Magazines Politicians - POWER of images and narratives used to affirm notions of racial inferiority of people of colour.  - The world's Colombian exposition: Chicago -1893- -Architecture and Physical Layout set up to display “ideas of racial and cultural superiority and inferiority” (Baker, 1998, p. 56). - The White City painted ivory and represented “civilization and American cultural and industrial progress” (p. 56). - The Midway Plaisance was constructed as “villages of the savage” (p. 56). -Ethnological exhibits were separated from The White City into what Baker (1998) describes as the “dark ghetto” (p. 5). - Anthropolgy presented for entertainment - -Boas declared that “museums as a resort for popular entertainment must not be underrated...the majority of museum visitors do not want anything beyond entertainment” (1907, p. 1). -Willis Jr (1969) also stated that “Anthropology for pleasure also applied to many professional anthropologists: the distant coloured world is often perceived as an exotic place offering temporary escape from the familiarity and monotony of middle-class society in the white world...field work is a kind of tourism” (p. 142). -Anthropologist Fredrick. W. Putham & the world fair exibits- - Frederic W. Putnam directed representations of people from around the world for entertainment  - Exhibits were set up in the Midway Plaisance to show “accomplishments of the civilized mind” which were situated next to “ignorance, dirt, smells, and brown bodies” (Lee. D. Baker, p. 56). - Baker (1998) states that: “the Midway was a lattice of exotic, erotic, and wonderous excitement. Putnam sanctioned a blend of familiar forms of entertainment with ethnology in an attempt to popularize anthropology” (p. 56). - Example of exibits in the white city vs. the midway plicence- vs. - Anthropological representation of indegeous peoples - -Presented as “a vanishing race” - Kwakwaka’wakw nation of British Columbia was displayed -Both Putnam and Boas were the anthropologists responsible for this exhibit Displayed through a lens of “almost to extermination” -Indigenous peoples were presented as “dying race” whose “artifacts needed to be preserved” - Anthropology's power and influence in popular culture and magazines- - Baker (1998) documents that magazines (similar to World Fairs) were “suffused with images and narratives that affirmed ideas about the racial inferiority of people of color” (p. 55). - Examples of Magazines included: Cosmopolitan, Popular Monthly, Dial, The North American Review, Century Magazine, Forum, Metropolitan Magazine, Harper’s, Atlantic Monthly, Popular Science Monthly, etc. -Anthropological ideas were among the contributions to popular magazines -Visual imagery and narratives of racial inferiority included: “Degrading cartoons” of racialize African Americans “Racial epithets” “Experts discussing African American suffrage, education, and criminality” - Anthropologys power to influences politicians- -Early 20th Century: ideas published by anthropologists in magazines in the U.S. used to validate discourses on race Baker (1998) states that “Senators and House of Representatives were perhaps the most powerful people to use ideas generated by anthropologists in these magazine” (p. 74). EX.1 - ENATOR JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS ARTICLE TITLED “ THE NEGRO AND THE SOUTH” -1907: Williams published this article in Metropolitan Magazine using anthropological ideas on race - Used anthropological ideas to support revoking the 15th amendment allowing African Americans to vote (granted rights to vote in 1870) -He stated in this article that: “No race ever succeeded in reaching civilization by the superposition of the civilization of another race unless that superposition were by force” EX.2 -ENATOR BENJAMIN TILLMAN ARTICLE TITLED “ THE RACE PROBLEM” -1907: Tillman publish this article in Van Norden’s Magazine using anthropological ideas on race.He made this racist statement in the article: “The negroes were changed from barbarians to a degree of civilization under the coercive power of slavery” EX.3 POLITICIAN JABEZ L.M. CURRY , ARTICLE TI TLED“ THE RACE QUES TION” -1899: Curry publish this article in Popular Science Monthly magazine drawing upon anthropological ideas on race -He made the following racist statement in the article: “Ethnologically they are nearly polar opposites. With the Caucasians, progress has been upward. Whatever is great in art, invention, literature, science, civilization, religion, has characterized him. In his native land the negro has made little or no advancement for nearly four under years.” ANTH-120 Lecture # 4 - African American pioneers in anthropology - Association of black anthropology ( ABA)- - Association of black anthropologists - Begining with the Harem renaissence - - 1920s- 1930s: the "negro movment" or Harlem renaissence - African American migration to urban areas in order to escape Jim crow laws of the deep south. - African american intelectual revival - Chalenging racism & sterotypes- - 1920-1940: scientific racism still exists as part of anthropological discourse - Eugenics movment still very prevelent - Race riots - Rise in activists groups and amoung them scholars - Critisisms of the HR - - African Americans attempt to seperate themselves and center black identity yet they said to act " white" and they attempt to assimalate and do not reject the white american way. - Rise of African American anthropoligists- - 1st cohort of African American Anthropologists - Served as mentors to the second generation of black anthropology scholars  - They entered the feild in the fight against racism and the scocial and the scocial experiences as an African American in the US -Caroline Bond Day ( 1898-1948)- -Physical anthropologists, identifys as "mixed race" - 1st African american graduate to earn a ANTH degree at Harvard - She created the notions of blood quantum, research involved involved collecting data about black - white ancestory - Louis.E.King- - Anthropoligist degree from Colombia university - Focaused on black communitys in ruaral areas - Worked as cheif research amd assisted W.E.B Du Bois - Aurthur Huff Fauset- - Anthropologist and civil rights activists - Chair person of ( NNC) supports political ecenomic empowerment of African Americans - Advanced foklore tellings in the americas and Nova Scotia - Era of colanization & the second generation- - 1950s- 60s : decolinization forces - Rise in African Anthropolgy scholarships and incresed fellowship oppertunities - Increased oppertunites for African americans to attened collage or university -Ira. E. Harisson ( 1933 - 2020 )- -African American anthropologist who co-founded the Association of Black Anthropologists (ABA) -Advocated for more ”black scholars” to be represented at the AAA after noticing only a few African American anthropologist -Harrison was a civil rights activist and scholar -Research addressed social problems faced by African Americans in the U.S. -He called for more anthropologist to “become more politically active” -Association of black anthropology - - Harrison started working on creating the Association of Black Anthropologist (ABA) in 1960 -Established the Minority Caucus in the American Association of Anthropologists (AAA) in 1968 -He worked with various other black anthropologist at the time to advocate for black representation with the discipline of Anthropology and called attention to more needing to be done within Anthropology - Vindication scholar- Harrison was among other Black anthropologist who fit under what is often termed vindication scholars.Scholars who fought to reshape the discipline’s racist assertions of African Americans.He was committed to studying and challenging race and racism to counter negative perceptions of African Americans  - Audrey Smedly (1930-2020)- - Smedley is a pioneer anthropologist who delved deeply into discussing the origin of the race concept in Anthropology - Her father’s experiences with racism influenced her thinking about on race and racism discourses - She grew up in a time when unequal treatment of African Americans were the norm of American culture - Influence on the (AAA)- - 1998: Audrey Smedley was asked her to create the official 1998 statement on race for the AAA 2006: She also work on an AAA project titled “Understanding Race and Human Variability: A Public Education Program.” -Participated in the educational video Race: The Power of an Illusion - Delmos Jehu Jones ( 1936-1999) - -Jones grew up in the American South in Browns, Alabama.Lack of learning opportunities and materials -His experiences influenced him to become a social justice and equality advocate in anthropology -Ethnographic work with Southwest Native Americans inspired his activist work to decolonize anthropology - ( the Thailand affair ) 1970: With a Fulbright Fellowship, Jones conducted research among the Lahu peoples in Thailand - He explored the oppression of the Lahu people forced integration into the Thai political system - Advocated for Anthropologist to be wary of their research being exploited - Native anthropology and decolonization- - Jones was also advocate of “native anthropology” -He emphasized that “central question is whether a native anthropology advances the goal of social justice and social equality, or whether it merely mirrors mainstream anthropology” (p. 58 in Anthropology and the Oppressed: A Reflection on Native Anthropology) - George Clement Bond (1936- 2014 ) - -Bond grew up among parents who were educators -His father also worked for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) after retirement -This allowed his family to travel to Haiti, Liberia, and Afghanistan -Much of his life and work was spent conducting fieldwork in Zambia - Ethnographic work also explored the power of colonial authorities in constructing clan history -Yombe also asserted their own power in creating their own local histories - Decolonizing Anthropology- -Activist in decolonizing anthropological perceptions of Africa -Challenging ideologies that the Africa consisted of “people without history” -Bond called for anthropologists to explore the relationships between knowledge production and distribution of power - 1919- Race riots ( the red summer - - Laura Nader- -" Studying up" has to do with the powe anthropologists to expand there feild of inquiry - Called anthropoligists to move beyond their inquiry - Studing power relations - To extend reasearch beyond the ghetto - Studying up - - A call to study the colinizers instesd of the colonized, the culture of the powerful instead of the powerless ANTH-150 Lecture #5- Black feminist anthropology - Black feminist W.E.B Du Bois - - Black feminist anthropologists often engage with power and racial dynamics between black and white women and black and white men - Du Bois was an advocate but still critiques the branch of black feminist anthropologists -Clearly advocated for the future of Black women’s freedom and development of herself -“The future woman must have a life work and economic independence. She must have knowledge. She must have the right of motherhood at her own discretion” (1995, p. 300). -arby (1998) states that Du Bois’s: ◦ “complete failure to imagine black women as intellectuals and race leaders...[his] failure to incorporate black women into the sphere of intellectual equality...is not merely the result of sexism of Du Bois’s historical moment...it is a conception and political failure of imagination that remains a characteristic of the work of contemporary African American male intellectuals” (p. 10 in Race Men). - W.E.B Du Bois and the power of respectability politics in America- - “The Politics of Respectability” (Professor Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, 1990s) -Linked to W.E.B. Du Bois (and other scholars) -Emerged among Black women’s attempt to counter negative and stereotypical images of Black Americans -Also, perceived as attempts to assimilate, integrate, and gain upward social mobility to gain the respect of the white “host culture” -In seeking to reform the behavior of individuals’, structural forms of oppression including racism, sexism and poverty are ignored Impacted Black Women’s power and freedom to become their full selves - Born out of silence - -Black Feminist Anthropologists and other women of colour anthropologists have often had limited to minimal representation -White Feminist Anthropologists have been able to solidify their knowledge and intellectual legitimacy -Black Feminist Anthropologists are not often cited, YET this is needed to gain respect in shaping knowledge in the discipline (Irma McClauin, Black Feminist Anthropology, 2001) -Anthropological Canon reflects an “internationalized silence and erasure” of Black Feminist Anthropologists (2001, p. 10) -Critiquing Anthropologyes curiculum - - Courses remain Eurocentric -RARELY read and see scholarship by Black Feminist Anthropologists -“Despite innovative methodological research and theories, students are often not exposed to historical and contemporary knowledge by anthropologists that are Black women and women of colour” -White feminist anthropologists have contributed to this silence and erasure by not including Black feminist anthropologists’ works in their practice - Black anthropoligist reasearch- -Research and ethnographies by Black feminist anthropologists is not loss - Lack of exposure alongside classic male and female white anthropological studies -Their work often not cited and discussed in the curricula - YET, Black feminist anthropologists have often published in non-anthropological journals ACTIVE, but unrecognized agents in the discipline  -Examples: Caroline Bond Day, Katherine Dunham, Zora Neale Hurston - What calls black womenn to anthroplogy - -“Unwelcomed guest” or “Outsiders within” the discipline - 1915 through 1950s: Black women studying in the discipline viewed it as an opportunity to “locate the sources of inequality” and “as a place where one could participate in finding the ‘cure.” (2001, p. 27). - Opportunity for Black women to illustrate diverse methods of explaining and understanding CULTURE - Importance of “Reclamation of a history of cultures constructed” by white men (p. 28). - What is it that black fgemenist anthropoligists porpose - - Locates and positions the experiences of Black women around the world -Emphasis on studying gender and race, its influence on human societies, economic and political systems -Holds a strong vindicationist focus -Research focused on the intersections of gender, race, and class - Attempt to “carve out a place” in Anthropology - Ressiliance and resistance- -Challenged by structural and cultural ideologies in relation to racism, sexism and other forms of social inequality -Offers a space of support, coping strategy, and forms of resistance -Black feminist anthropology examines the oppression and exploitation of people -Foster directions of resistance and work to produce counter- narratives that challenge hegemonic forces - Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)- - Zora Neale Hurston is often not acknowledged in Anthropology -Trained by Franz Boas - She carried out ethnographic research following “a native anthropological approach” (2001, p. 12) - Examined Black American folklore, music, and life in the U.S., Caribbean and Latin America - Hurston published novel and books rich in ethnographic research - Intersections of Race and Gender - Caribbean folklore and voodoo practices -Diane. K. Lewis (1931-2015)- - Experiences with racism and social inequality as an undergraduate student inspired her to study anthropology -“The first day of class she [Southern White Teacher] took me aside and informed me that Negroes could not learn foreign languages and therefore no matter what I did in class I would not receive above a C” (2001, The Second Generation of American American Pioneers in Anthropology, p. 41) -A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism and Sexism- (1977 by Diane K. Lewis) - First publication in the Social Sciences to “declare, discuss, and describe black women’s feminist consciousness” (2001, p. 46). -She drew attention to the empowerment of Black women in terms of creating black feminist organizations that aimed to address sexism and racism -Illustrate differences in power and privilege gained by black men in comparison to women - Documenting Black women as being agents of change was an alternative in anthropology -Johnetta B. Cole- (1936-Present) - Brought up a wealthy, upper-class Black family - Prominent Black Anthropologist who went on to be the President of two historically Black colleges for women in the U.S. - One of the founders of the subfield known as BLACK/AFRICAN DIASPORA STUDIES -1970s: Feminist anthropology was on the rise -Anthropological scholarship drew attention to gender, sexuality, socioeconomic class, and privilege, power of patriarchy, oppression, and sexism that impacted African American women -Leith Mullings- (1945-2020) - Jamaican-born anthropologist studying social justice, racial equality and advocate for economic justice - One of the Founders of the Black Radical Congress and served as President of the AAA (2011-2013)  -Mullings called on us to remember the goal of Black feminist anthropologists including: - “the charge of uplifting the race” - “Dealing with the social and material conditions of the race” - “Finding a cure for inequality” * Sojourner syndrome and the power of ressiliance - Described the behavorial coping stratrgies black women used to deal with the intersectionality of racism. - "The possibilites of anthropoligy" - - An approuch to athropology about how racillized scholars go about Anthropoligys studies that brings reseprocity and mutual respect betweeb the group/people you are studing. - Ethical research - A. Lynn Bolles- - leading black feminist anthropoligists - Worked within carabein region - "Telling the story straight"- - Critiques the disiplinne for its lack of black feamale voices - Lack of black scholarship in the dicipline - Isolation of racillized black women anthropologists - Adresses power dynamics - Irma Mc Clarin - - 1st feamale president of Shaw university in U.S - Editor of the jornal transforming anthropology - Bianca C. Williams - - Contemporary black feminist anthropoligists - Foucased on racillized black women , black power movment , feild work experience of black women. - Resilliance stratigies among rasilized black women - Activists & anti- racist anthropologists- - Contemporary black feminists are activists - Research, feildwork and ethrographic work in volved with anthropology - Faye V. Harrison - - Emphasis on scholarly work that reflective and privalleged anthropology - Reshaping  ANTH-122 Lecture # 6 - Policing, police culture ,race, violence & power - Police history & governance - - Police term: trace to 13th centery western political discourse - Latin term Politea and french word " police" - Police term used to refer to power - Mslinwski's diaries & policing terms - - 1920's : Historicallky , the feild of legal anthropology emerged with Bronislaw Malinowiki in crime - Micheal young anaylisis of Malinowski's diaries - Ethnographic work = use of "policing " as a term or notion - The idea of being " policed" - Policing are everwhere globally- - Police are common place on a global scale - Status of a "global form" - Policing & the culture of policing Anthropoligy- - Anthropologist being policed - Parelles between Anthropology Feild work & espionage - Cold war time expessally , percumptions of power as potential spise - Anthropologist power in terms ofthe date colected and the communities they work with -Their fieldwork could be viewed as surveillance for their home states and/or sometimes the state they reside - Anthropoligy vs. spies - - Parallels between anthropological fieldwork and espionage -Participant-observation or Spying? -Seek Informants vs. Seek Informers -Understand and create representations of someone else’s reality—using “personal encounters, autobiographies, events, ritual participation, and lived experiences” (p. 781) -Both collect observation material to create an  -Power of the state to police anthropology- -Cold war culture of policing individuals transcend to anthropologists as well -State surveillance was done on anthropologists resulting in “reports, dossiers, rumours, and files” -Such actions by a state to “police” anthropological research impacted the work - Kathrine Verdery - - First Anthropologist to carry out research “behind the iron curtain" - Conducted anthropological research in Romania 1970-1980 on ethno-national identity, political economy, property relations, and ethnography -Surveillance file was created about her by the Romanian Securitate - Reflected years later on her work under this surveillance and policing culture - Policing violence & modern sovern state- - The modern sovereign state is often described as holding “a monopoly on violence, or the legitimate use of force over a given territory” (Tahir, 2019, p. 409) -State does not minimize force AND its agents—The Police—“do not eliminate violence” (p. 409) - Police “legitimates violence through its monopolization of ‘legitimate’ policing” (p. 409) - David Correira and Tyler Wall (2018) call emphasize that “Police are Violence Workers” (p. 6) -Police culture & power - - What is Police Culture? -According to Jeffery T. Martin (2017), “police culture is a process, specific to modern government, through which structural violence embedded/emergent in a political field is translated into overt, tangible, ‘direct’ form” (p. 50). -Police is an “institutional component of modern governance” and often defined in terms of their “relationship to violence” -Police have power. “Police are mechanism for the distribution of non- negotiably coercive force” (Bittner, 1990, p. 131)  - Anthropology of structural violence & police - - Given the nature of police culture and violence, anthropologists today are concerned about the impact onracialized communities -Various forms of violence in relationto police culture Structural violence ---> Direct or violence - Police power & "heiarchey of credibility"- - Inequality on power between Police and the Policed Police and the Public fall within the ranks of Becker’s (1967) notion of “hierarchy of credibility” -Police have power to: -“Define a situation and tell relevant others what ‘really’ happened”—higher in the rank, Power in terms of a nonreciprocal relationship , They have power of discretionary authority - Contemporary Anthropological work on police and policing- - Decades of scholarship on police, policing, and law -Pre-existing tradition of Ethnographic Policing Studies -Nonanthropological research—“What the police do” -Anthropology research tend to focus on: Police as an institution and Policing as a social practice Relationship between sovereignty, violence, and police power - 2014 Black lives matter movment - - 2014: Rise in protest led by the Black Lives Matter movement -AAA passed a public resolution against racialized state violence -AAA Executive created a Working Group on Racialized Police Brutality and Extrajudicial Violence -ABA also called on anthropologists to action -Energized “the anthropology of police as a newly emergent subfield” (Mutsaers et al. 2015, p. 786). - Black lives & state violence - -Recent anthropological work have been drawing attention to black lives and state violence -Black Activist Anthropologist like Bianca C. Williams, Orisanmi Burton, Alisse Waterston, Aimee Meredith Cox, Laurence Ralph and others documenting and researching police violence in the U.S. -“Operation Ghetto Storm” 2013 Report suggesting “313 killings of black people by the U.S. state.” Racism on racialized Black bodies has biologicaleffects that is linked to state structural violence -Race & police violence- - Witnessing the emergence of increase scholarship of “Anthropology of Policing” - Blog Anthropoliteia - Anthropologists inspired to engage in discussion of police in relation to addressing calls about public concerns -Anthropology of policing and public anthropology- -Four benefits of Public Anthropology 1. Produce anthropologies that are accessible and connects to the broader public’s concerns 2. Share ethnographic knowledge and construct collaborative learning environment with communities who are the target of inquiry 3. We get to engage in “epistemic solidarity” 4. We learn to understand the “assemblages of actors and institutions of a study” -Black bodies and " corporeal schema"- - Franz Fanon (1967) describes black bodies, and in particular black phenotype using the term “corporeal schema” -Black bodies are marked as “fit for disposal” because they “inhibit bodies that present a recognizable and threatening combination of skin color, hair texture, facial features, and bodily habitus” (Burton, 2015, p. 4). - Sovereign state and the Police construct a culture in which social meanings are mapped onto black bodies -Ethnography & policing- -Various studies on the ethnography of policing and police power -Goffman’s (2014) On the Run is an urban ethnographer -Discusses “fugitive community” and “surveillance state” - Goffman highlights the police- community relations in terms of tentsions - "The black box of police torture"- -Ethnographic work of 125 Black men between 1972-1991 tortured by the Chicago Area Two Police Precincinct - Black Box—“cube-shaped, black on the exterior and red inside, and it had a handle attached to it like an antique music box. A generator that produced electric current was inside the box. Electrical wires extended from the generator to alligator clamps. When the handle was cranked, 9200 volts of electricity passed through the clamps and into the body” (p. 189 inThe Anthropology Policy, 2018). -Institutionalized violence and racism embedded into police culture - Policing & a place for anthropology - -Anti-police protests are a global phenomenon -Recent years, public protests in the US, the Hague, France, UK etc. in relation to police violence -Calls by anthropologists for police education and “a law enforcement- oriented anthropology” - Survalence against police- -Police “hierarchy of credibility” are being challenged by citizens -Cameraphones and online file- sharing hypervisibiliziing police violence - Counter-surveillance by citizens against police - Citizens are policing the police - Emerging solidarity- - Protest movements are also inspiring solidarities -Solidarity among black communities -Dream Defenders Social Justice Organization -2014: Ferguson protest, police responded with violence - Inspired solidarity stance with Palestinian social media users who tweeted advice about “how to handle tear gas” (Tahir, ANTH-150- Lecture#7- Music , race, power & ressilliance - Ethnomusicology's & roots in anthropology - - The study of music wasn't complete without the ethic and cultural intinations of the creators/ the song - Greek word for Ethno =nation & mouselike/ folk music - Ethnomusicology's is often described as the anthropological study of music -- Ethnomusicology's colonial history- - Ethnomusicology & whiteness- -Discipline has a history of centering whiteness -White ethnomusicologists exert power studying the music of non-white populations -Danielle Brown (2020) made the following observation at a SEM conference - Indigenous music scholars & decolinizing ethnomusicology- -Indigenous music scholars leading the efforts to decolonizing the field -Indigenous ethnomusicologists publications and conference presentations at the Society for Ethnomusicology -Scholarly works from indigenous perspectives on First Nations music -Reclaiming of indigenous music and illustrating indigenous activism -Indigenous scholars scholars reaclaming musical soundscapes- -Settler scholar, Victoria Lindsay Levine and indigenous scholar Dylan Robinson in collaboration have written about the intersections of music, modernity, and indigeneity -Collection of essays examining musical expressions from indigenous perspectives -Ethnomusicology in dialogue with critical indigenous studies  - Politics of powwow musicking in a university soundscape- -Perea also examines how the powwow drum and music is received by non-Native peoples within a university setting -Hungrey listening: Indigenous sound study- Dylan Robsion- -Recent publication by indigenous ethnomusicology scholar Dylan Robinson -1st book that examines listening from both indigenous and settler colonial perspectives -Robinson brings to light indigenous participation in classical music, musicals, and popular music - BIPOC Enthnomusicoligist- - Colonial history and denial contributes to BIPOC scholars supression and underrepresented - Ethnomusicology is designed and structured around collective investments in whiteness - Activism by folklorist & ethnomusicologists- -1930—1940s: Activism in folklore studies -Some scholars define themselves as both, others separate themselves from each canon -Some African American and African Diasporic Studies folklorist and ethnomusicology scholars tend to focus on music and everyday life connections to African heritage  -1960s soul music & black power- -Civil Right Movement and black liberation in the United States Sounds of black music and activists -Nina Simone -Sam Cooke -Aretha Franklin -Staple Singers -Ethnomusicologists, Portia Maultsby states “performers of soul music, in communicating the philosophy of the Black Power Movement, promoted the black pride and self-awareness concept” (1989, p. 168). -Music accompanied the activism and protests of leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis and others - Nina Simone (1933-2003)- -Simone mixed jazz, blues, folk, gospel, R&B, and classical music in her performances -Lyrics drew on African-American heritage and addressed racial inequality in the U.S. -Spoke and performed protests songs at Civil Rights meetings (e.g., Selma to Montgomery marches) -Supporter of black nationalism -Examples: “Brown Baby,” ”Mississippi Goddam,” “I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free,” “Why? (The Kind of Love Is Dead,” and “To Be Young, Gifted and Black” - Sam Cooke (1931-1964)- -King of Soul” -Credited for bringing gospel music to young audience -Active participant in the Civil Rights Movement -R&B/pop transition to secular music in the 1950s -Protest song titled, “A Change Is Gonna Come” -Struggles with racism especially with “whites-only” motels and being turned away  -Rock against racism (RAR)- -1976-1981: RAR was a mass campaign of anti-racist politics and popular culture in the UK Response to racist statements Black and white musicians focused on politics of ‘inter-racial’ unity Sponsored by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) Two musical forms: Punk Rock and Reggae -BLM and music - Fernando orejuela and stephanie shonekan (2018)- -Explores the ethnographic and autoethnographic research by ethnomusicologist and folklorist -Raising social awareness of Black Lives Matter -Music usage in mobilization, resistance, resilience, and creating solidarity and alliances protesting racial injustice -Black music, culture, and vernacular to frame narratives of resilience and empowerment -Power of hip- hop and R&B music - -“BLACK MIZZOU: MUSIC AND STORIES ONE YEAR LATER”—Stephanie Shonekan -Ethnomusicologist, Stephanie Shonekan examines the linkages between black struggle and black music during and after the Mizzou Movement -2015: Mizzou Movement -Concerned Student1950 (CS1950) -Students Movement align with Musical Movement -Black music matters : go-go music - -“BLACK MUSIC MATTERS: AFFIRMATION AND RESILIENCE IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSICAL SPACES IN WASHINGTON, DC”—Alison Martin -Ethnomusicologist, Alison Martin examines the “Go-Go” music scene in Washington, DC, also known as “the Chocolate City” -Go-Go music arose in the 1970s. -Roots in funk and Latin American rhythms (Maultsby, 2000) -Black music,power and affermation- -Music can be a powerful medium of affirmation of blackness  - Concluding remarks- -Following the murder of Michael Brown various black artists released soundtracks Examples: -“Don’t Shoot” by The Game et al. -“Black Rage” by Lauryn Hill -“Be Free” by J. Cole -“Chains” by Usher -“The Charade” by D’Angelo and the Vanguard -Such songs raise social consciousness about contemporary social injustices, calls for the urgency of activism, and helps African Americans to engage in the long struggle -Ethnomusicology has a long colonial history with lots of work to do to decolonize the discipline -Indigenous ethnomusicologists have been leading the forefront with decolonizing efforts -Activist work being done by various African American ethnomusicologist are also leading anti-racism efforts within the field as well. -Music, Race, Power, and Resilience are intertwined -Soul and Gospel music -Hip Hop and R&B -Black musical artists have been challenging racism and continue to use music in alignment with protest songs