Answers to Exam 2 Review Guide.pdf

Review Guide Ch 4 & 5 Chapter 4 Tissues Matching Questions 1) Supports and protects; stores calcium. D Page Ref: 137 2) Forms tendons and ligaments. B Page Ref: 133 3) Supports and protects; insulates against hea...

Review Guide Ch 4 & 5 Chapter 4 Tissues Matching Questions 1) Supports and protects; stores calcium. D Page Ref: 137 2) Forms tendons and ligaments. B Page Ref: 133 3) Supports and protects; insulates against heat loss; reserve source of fuel. A Page Ref: 131 4) Provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. C Page Ref: 136 5) Composed of cells in a fluid matrix. E Page Ref: 137 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 6) Simple cuboidal epithelium. Page Ref: 121 B 7) Cardiac muscle. Page Ref: 139 C 8) Simple squamous epithelium. Page Ref: 120 A 9) Stratified squamous epithelium. Page Ref: 123 D 10) Skeletal muscle. Page Ref: 138 E A) Serous membrane B) Endothelium C) Mucous membrane D) Cutaneous 11) The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body. Page Ref: 142 A 12) The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior. Page Ref: 141 C 13) Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Page Ref: 140 D 14) Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts. Page Ref: 141 C 15) Makes up the pleura and pericardium. Page Ref: 142 A 16) Lines blood vessels and the heart. Page Ref: 120 B 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. A) Mesenchyme C) Reticular tissue B) Hyaline cartilage D) Elastic cartilage 17) Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility. D Page Ref: 134 18) Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones. Page 134 B 19) Embryonic connective tissue arising from mesoderm & producing all connective tissue types A Page 127 A 20) Source of new cells in mature connective tissue. Page Ref: 126 21) Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen. Page 128; Fig. 4.8c C True/False Questions 1) The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. Page Ref: 134 T 3) Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This F and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue. Page Ref: 129 T 4) Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. Page Ref: 130 5) Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Page Ref: 119 T 6) Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface. T Page Ref: 118 T 7) Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption. Page Ref: 120 8) Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble T stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium. Page Ref: 123 9) Stratified cuboidal epithelium is moderately rare in the body and found only in the pharynx, F larynx, and anorectal junction. Page Ref: 119 10) Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities. F Page Ref: 142 11) Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and F then rupturing the cell. Page Ref: 125 13) Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the F framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Page Ref: 129 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 14) The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the F amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present. Page Ref: 130, 132 15) A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. F Page Ref: 134 T 16) Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. Page Ref: 134 F 17) Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle. Page Ref: 138 T 18) Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations. Page Ref: 138 19) Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. F Page Ref: 118 20) Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature. Page Ref: 119 T 21) Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. T Page Ref: 127 22) Apocrine glands are a type of sweat gland. Page Ref: 161 T 23) Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.Page Ref: 124 F 24) Blood is considered a type of connective tissue. Page Ref: 136 T 25) Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers. Page Ref: 140 F Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? Page Ref: 136 A) live cells B) lacunae C) blood vessels D) organic fibers 2) The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________. Page Ref: 134 A) hydroxyapatite crystals C) reticular fibers B) collagen fibers D) elastic fibers 3) What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? Page Ref: 136 A) cartilage tissue C) osseous tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue D) areolar tissue 5) Epithelial tissue ________. Page Ref: 118 A) contains many capillaries (vessels) C) is usually acellular B) has a basement membrane D) possesses weak cell to cell connections 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 6) Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia that secrete proteins? Page Ref: 124 A) microvilli B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei 7) Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________. Page Ref: 126; Fig 4.6 A) simple tubular C) simple alveolar B) compound tubular D) compound alveolar 8) What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract? Page: 120 A) dense microvilli C) fibroblasts B) a rich vascular supply D) cilia 9) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________. Page Ref: 120-122 A) lines the respiratory tract C) possesses no goblet cells B) aids in digestion D) is not an epithelial classification 10) Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes? Page Ref: 120-122 A) simple transitional C) simple squamous B) simple columnar D) simple cuboidal 11) Which statement best describes connective tissue? Page Ref: 127 A) usually contains a large amount of matrix C) primarily concerned with secretion B) always arranged in a single layer of cells D) usually lines a body cavity 12) Matrix is composed of ________. Page Ref: 127 A) cells and fibers C) ground substance and cells B) fibers and ground substance D) all organic compounds 13) Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________. P. 130 A) chondrocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophages D) mast cells 14) Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers? Page Ref: 118 A) epithelial tissue C) nervous tissue B) connective tissue D) muscle tissue 15) The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. Page Ref: 127 A) elastic B) collagen C) reticular D) muscle 16) Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________. Page Ref: 116 A) organ B) tissue C) organism D) organ system 17) The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. Page Ref: 134 A) adipose tissue C) hyaline cartilage B) elastic cartilage D) fibrocartilage 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 18) Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? Page Ref: 120 A) simple squamous C) simple columnar B) transitional D) stratified squamous 19) Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. Page Ref: 124 A) exocrine B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) ceruminous 20) Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. Page Ref: 120 21) Chondroblasts ________. A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix C) located deep to the perichondrium divide and secrete new matrix on the internal portions of the cartilage D) never lose their ability to divide Page Ref: 134 22) ________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. Page Ref: 120-122 A) Stratified cuboidal C) Transitional B) Stratified columnar D) Pseudostratified columnar 24) An epithelial membrane ________. A) usually involves transitional epithelium B) is formed of epithelium and smooth muscle C) contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane D) never contains mucus-forming cells Page Ref: 119 25) Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________. A) structurally into alveolar and acinar types B) structurally into vascular and avascular types C) functionally (in humans) into merocrine or holocrine types D) functionally into secreting or nonsecreting types Page Ref: 124-125 26) Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. C) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. D) These glands are ductless. Page Ref: 124 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 27) Which of these is not considered connective tissue? Page Ref: 127 A) cartilage B) adipose C) muscle D) blood 28) What are glycosaminoglycans? Page Ref: 127 A) positively charged proteins C) positively charged polysaccharides B) negatively charged proteins D) negatively charged polysaccharides 29) Which is true concerning muscle tissue? Page Ref: 136 A) highly cellular and well vascularized C) contains contractile units of collagen B) cuboidal shape enhances function D) is a single-celled tissue 30) The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C) inflammation D) formation of scar tissue Page Ref: 142 31) Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands. A) Compound glands are so called because they are constructed from more than one cell type. B) The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing. C) Exocrine glands always lack ducts. D) Merocrine glands release their secretion by pinching off part of the cell. Page Ref: 124-125 32) What are the three main components of connective tissue? A) ground substance, fibers, and cells B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts Page Ref: 127 33) Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C) Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures. Page Ref: 127 34) Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are non-dividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. Page Ref: 127 35) Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. Page Ref: 138-139 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 36) Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. Page Ref: 119 A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another. 37) Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B) Its primary function is nutrient storage. C) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus. Page Ref: 130 38) Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? P: 120 A) goblet cells B) mast cells C) macrophages D) cilia 39) Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process. A) The type of tissue injured is not an important factor. B) Nutrition does not seem to influence tissue repair. Page Ref: 142-143, 146 C) The age of the person is a factor in the repair process. D) The health of an individual does not seem to make any difference in the speed of repair. 40) In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from _________. Page Ref: 144 A) mitosis of existing epithelial cells C) underlying epithelial cells B) stem cells D) components of the connective tissue 41) Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. Page Ref: 129 A) areolar C) embryonic B) dense regular D) reticular 42) A 19-year-old model for Glamour magazine tripped over an extension cord, causing injury to her epidermis. She is afraid the injury will leave a scar. Based on your knowledge of regeneration, what would you say to this patient? Page Ref: 144 A) the epidermis heals quickly by regeneration so scarring should be minimal B) the epidermis cells regenerate poorly, so healing with scar is likely 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 5 The Integumentary System 1) Site of the dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on the epidermal surfaces of the E fingers. Page Ref: 154; Fig. 5.1 2) Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis. Page: 151; Fig. 5.1 B 3) Pulls the hair follicle into an upright position. Page Ref: 159; Fig. 5.1 A 4) Sudoriferous gland. Page Ref: 160; Fig. 5.1 C 5) Dense irregular connective tissue. Page Ref: 155; Fig. 5.1 D 6) Region that thickens markedly when one gains weight. Page Ref: 151: Fig. 5.1 B 7) Where capillary loops are found.. Page Ref: 154-155; Fig. 5.1 E 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. A) Keratin C) Cornified keratinocytes E) Epidermal dendritic B) Merkel disc D) Keratinocytes cells 8) The most abundant cells of the epidermis. Page Ref: 152 D 9) The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin. Page: 152,154 A 10) Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch. B Page Ref: 152 11) Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system. Page Ref: 152 E 12) Cell remnants of the stratum corneum. Page Ref: 154 C A) Stratum basale C) Stratum corneum B) Sudoriferous glands D) Vellus 13) The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable. C Page Ref: 154 14) The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation. Page Ref: 160 B 15) The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis. Page Ref: 152 A 16) Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair." Page Ref: 159 D A) Erythemia C) Addison’s disease E) Cyanosis B) Jaundice D) Pallor 17) May indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy. A Page Ref: 156 18) May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure. Page Ref: 155 D 19) Usually indicates a liver disorder. Page Ref: 156 B 20) Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing. Page Ref: 157 C 21) A bluish color in light-skinned individuals. Page Ref: 156 E True/False Questions 1) The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. Page Ref: 161 T 2) Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are F called epidermal ridges. Page Ref: 153-154 3) The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the T dermis. Page Ref: 155 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 5) The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen. F Page Ref: 152 6) Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would F best be described as a third-degree burn. Page Ref: 165-166 7) Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil. F Page Ref: 157 9) The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in F the underlying dermis. Page Ref: 160 10) During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies. Page Ref: 159 T 11) The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. Page Ref: 164 13) The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. Page Ref: 154 T 14) The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue. Page Ref: 151 F 15) A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes T in the skin color. Page Ref: 156-157 F 16) When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. Page Ref: 163 17) Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. Page 156 T 18) Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands. Page Ref: 161 T 19) The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of F viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft. Page Ref: 154 20) The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated T hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis. Page Ref: 156 T 21) Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. Page Ref: 159 22) The most common cause for "third-degree burns," is simple ‘sun burn’. Page Ref: 166 F 23) Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures. T Page Ref: 160 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. Page Ref: 164 A) Skin cancers are rare compared to the incidence of other types of cancer. B) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum basalis. C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. 3) A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum C) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale Page Ref: 152; Fig. 5.2 5) Acne is a disorder associated with ________. Page Ref: 162 A) sweat glands C) Meibomian glands B) sebaceous glands D) ceruminous glands 6) The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________. Page Ref: 164 A) race C) use of farm chemicals B) overexposure to UV radiation D) genetics 7) What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans? Page Ref: 159 A) Help retain heat B) Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the skin surface C) Cause the hair follicle to stand erect D) Defense 10) Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? Page Ref: 163 A) Pacinian corpuscle C) Ruffini body B) Meissner’s corpuscle D) free nerve ending 11) Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? Page Ref: 157 A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. D) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. 12) Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct? A) Eccrine are the most numerous, being found primarily in the axillary regions. B) Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine, and empty secretions directly to the surface of the skin. C) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects. D) Mammary glands are not considered a modified sweat gland. Page Ref: 160-161 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 13) The integument is a covering, it is by no means simple. Some of its functions include: A) the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other substances B) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system C) cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temp conditions D) epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir Page Ref: 162 14) The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed B) bind the hair root to the dermis C) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation Page Ref: 157 15) Vernix caseosa is a ________. A) substance contributing to acne during adolescence B) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands C) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men D) cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns Page Ref: 167 16) The ________ gland is a modified apocrine gland that secretes wax. Page Ref: 161 A) eccrine B) apocrine C) ceruminous D) mammary 17) Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. A) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin B) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis C) filtration D) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis Page Ref: 151 18) The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock B) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus Page Ref: 151 20) Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________. A) produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties B) are able to transform from living cells to plasma membranes and still function C) are able to reproduce sporadically as needed D) are a powerful defense against damaging UV rays Page Ref: 152 21) Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. Page Ref: 152 A) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer C) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules D) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 22) The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? Page Ref: 152 A) stratum corneum C) stratum basale B) stratum granulosum D) stratum lucidum 23) The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? Page Ref: 152 A) cells found in the stratum spinosum C) keratinocytes, because they are so B) macrophages called epidermal dendritic versatile cells D) tactile cells 24) Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? Page 153 A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum which secrete a glycolipid into extracellular spaces. B) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments. C) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. D) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss. 25) The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? Page Ref: 154 A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and Kupffer C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells cells D) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes cells 26) The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? Page Ref: 154 A) the reticular layer C) the hypodermal layer B) the subcutaneous layer D) the papillary layer 27) Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? A) The pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles. B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis. C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing "black-and-blue marks." D) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear. Page Ref: 155 28) The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: A) dermal papillae. B) hair follicles. C) ceruminous glands. D) reticular papillae. Page Ref: 154 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 29) The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? A) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. C) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily. D) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges. Page Ref: 154 30) Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. B) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen. Page Ref: 156 32) An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________. Page Ref: 152 A) squamous cell B) phagocytic cell C) nerve cell D) melanocyte 33) What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? Page Ref: 159 A) sex and hormones C) the size and number of hair follicles B) age and glandular products D) nutrition and hormones 34) Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are? A) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis. Page Ref: 160 B) Fingernails are derived from osseous tissue. C) Fingernails are extensions of the carpal bones. D) Fingernails are a separate tissue from the skin, formed from a different embryonic layer. 35) Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? Page Ref: 160 A) sebaceous and merocrine C) eccrine and apocrine B) mammary and ceruminous D) holocrine and mammary 36) The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. A) primarily uric acid B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C C) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins D) metabolic wastes Page Ref: 161 37) ‘Apocrine’ glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? P 161 A) in all body regions and buried deep in the C) in the axillary and anogenital area dermis D) in the palms of the hands and soles of the B) beneath the flexure lines in the body feet 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. 38) The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________. Page Ref: 162 A) by high temperatures B) when the air temperature drops C) by hormones, especially androgens D) as a protective coating when one is swimming 39) In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. Page Ref: 162 40) Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? A) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake B) by observing the tissues that are usually moist C) through blood analysis D) by using the "rule of nines" Page Ref: 165 41) What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? Page Ref: 166 A) infection C) unbearable pain B) catastrophic fluid loss D) loss of immune function 42) Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________. Page 159 A) age B) size C) weight D) male hormones 43) Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. A) they grow much slower B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months C) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle D) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length Page Ref: 159 44) Glycosaminoglycans are a prominent component of ground substance and act as a water reservoir for the dermis. Depletion of this water reservoir in dehydration produces poor skin tone (turgor) and sunken eyes. Chemically they are best described as_____________. A) negatively charged polysaccharides C) positively charged polysaccharides B) negatively charged proteins D) positively charged proteins 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.