Annex 14 - Aerodromes Design and Operations PDF

International Standards and Recommended Practices Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Aerodromes Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations Ninth Edition, July 2022 This edition supersedes, on 3 November 202...

International Standards and Recommended Practices Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Aerodromes Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations Ninth Edition, July 2022 This edition supersedes, on 3 November 2022, all previous editions of Annex 14, Volume I. For information regarding the applicability of the Standards and Recommended Practices, see Chapter 1, 1.2, and the Foreword. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION  International Standards and Recommended Practices Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Aerodromes Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations Ninth Edition, July 2022 This edition supersedes, on 3 November 2022, all previous editions of Annex 14, Volume I. For information regarding the applicability of the Standards and Recommended Practices, see Chapter 1, 1.2, and the Foreword. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION Published in separate English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION 999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7 For ordering information and for a complete listing of sales agents and booksellers, please go to the ICAO website at www.icao.int First Edition, 1990 Eighth Edition, 2018 Ninth Edition, 2022 Annex 14, Aerodromes — Volume I, Aerodrome Design and Operations Order Number: AN14-1 ISBN 978-92-9265-735-2 (Print version) © ICAO 2022 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the International Civil Aviation Organization.  AMENDMENTS Amendments are announced in the supplements to the Products and Services Catalogue; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO website at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA Date Date Entered Date Date Entered No. applicable entered by No. of issue entered by 1-17 Incorporated in this edition (iii)  CONTENTS Page Abbreviations and symbols.................................................................................................................................... (x) Publications........................................................................................................................................................... (xi) FOREWORD......................................................................................................................................................... (xiii) CHAPTER 1. General......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Definitions............................................................................................................................................ 1-2 1.2 Applicability......................................................................................................................................... 1-11 1.3 Common reference systems.................................................................................................................. 1-11 1.4 Certification of aerodromes.................................................................................................................. 1-12 1.5 Airport design and master plan............................................................................................................ 1-13 1.6 Aerodrome reference code................................................................................................................... 1-14 1.7 Specific procedures for aerodromes operations.................................................................................... 1-15 CHAPTER 2. Aerodrome data........................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Aeronautical data.................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Aerodrome reference point................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Aerodrome and runway elevations....................................................................................................... 2-2 2.4 Aerodrome reference temperature........................................................................................................ 2-2 2.5 Aerodrome dimensions and related information.................................................................................. 2-2 2.6 Strength of pavements (applicable until 27 November 2024).............................................................. 2-3 2.6 Strength of pavements (applicable as of 28 November 2024).............................................................. 2-6 2.7 Pre-flight altimeter check location....................................................................................................... 2-8 2.8 Declared distances................................................................................................................................ 2-8 2.9 Condition of the movement area and related facilities......................................................................... 2-8 2.10 Disabled aircraft removal..................................................................................................................... 2-11 2.11 Rescue and firefighting........................................................................................................................ 2-12 2.12 Visual approach slope indicator systems.............................................................................................. 2-12 2.13 Coordination between aeronautical information services and aerodrome authorities.......................... 2-13 CHAPTER 3. Physical characteristics................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Runways............................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Runway shoulders................................................................................................................................ 3-7 3.3 Runway turn pads................................................................................................................................. 3-8 3.4 Runway strips....................................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.5 Runway end safety areas...................................................................................................................... 3-14 3.6 Clearways............................................................................................................................................. 3-16 3.7 Stopways.............................................................................................................................................. 3-17 3.8 Radio altimeter operating area............................................................................................................. 3-18 3.9 Taxiways.............................................................................................................................................. 3-18 3.10 Taxiway shoulders................................................................................................................................ 3-24 3.11 Taxiway strips...................................................................................................................................... 3-25 ANNEX 14 — VOLUME I (v) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I 3.12 Holding bays, runway-holding positions, intermediate holding positions and road-holding positions.......................................................................................................................... 3-26 3.13 Aprons.................................................................................................................................................. 3-28 3.14 Isolated aircraft parking position.......................................................................................................... 3-29 3.15 De-icing/anti-icing facilities................................................................................................................. 3-29 CHAPTER 4. Obstacle restriction and removal................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Obstacle limitation surfaces................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Obstacle limitation requirements.......................................................................................................... 4-6 4.3 Objects outside the obstacle limitation surfaces................................................................................... 4-12 4.4 Other objects........................................................................................................................................ 4-12 CHAPTER 5. Visual aids for navigation............................................................................................................ 5-1 5.1 Indicators and signalling devices.......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Wind direction indicator......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Landing direction indicator..................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.3 Signalling lamp....................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.1.4 Signal panels and signal area.................................................................................................. 5-3 5.2 Markings.............................................................................................................................................. 5-3 5.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................... 5-3 5.2.2 Runway designation marking................................................................................................. 5-4 5.2.3 Runway centre line marking................................................................................................... 5-6 5.2.4 Threshold marking.................................................................................................................. 5-6 5.2.5 Aiming point marking............................................................................................................. 5-9 5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking...................................................................................................... 5-10 5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking.................................................................................................... 5-11 5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking.................................................................................................. 5-13 5.2.9 Runway turn pad marking....................................................................................................... 5-16 5.2.10 Runway-holding position marking......................................................................................... 5-17 5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking................................................................................... 5-18 5.2.12 VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking..................................................................................... 5-19 5.2.13 Aircraft stand marking............................................................................................................ 5-20 5.2.14 Apron safety lines................................................................................................................... 5-21 5.2.15 Road-holding position marking.............................................................................................. 5-22 5.2.16 Mandatory instruction marking............................................................................................... 5-22 5.2.17 Information marking............................................................................................................... 5-24 5.3 Lights................................................................................................................................................... 5-25 5.3.1 General.................................................................................................................................... 5-25 5.3.2 Emergency lighting................................................................................................................. 5-29 5.3.3 Aeronautical beacons.............................................................................................................. 5-30 5.3.4 Approach lighting systems...................................................................................................... 5-31 5.3.5 Visual approach slope indicator systems................................................................................ 5-39 5.3.6 Circling guidance lights.......................................................................................................... 5-51 5.3.7 Runway lead-in lighting systems............................................................................................ 5-51 5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights................................................................................... 5-52 5.3.9 Runway edge lights................................................................................................................. 5-53 5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar lights.................................................................................... 5-54 5.3.11 Runway end lights.................................................................................................................. 5-56 5.3.12 Runway centre line lights....................................................................................................... 5-57 5.3.13 Runway touchdown zone lights.............................................................................................. 5-59 5.3.14 Simple touchdown zone lights................................................................................................ 5-59 5.3.15 Rapid exit taxiway indicator lights......................................................................................... 5-61 5.3.16 Stopway lights........................................................................................................................ 5-62 3/11/22 (vi) Table of Contents Annex 14 —Aerodromes 5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights....................................................................................................... 5-62 5.3.18 Taxiway edge lights................................................................................................................ 5-67 5.3.19 Runway turn pad lights........................................................................................................... 5-68 5.3.20 Stop bars................................................................................................................................. 5-69 5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights....................................................................................... 5-70 5.3.22 De-icing/anti-icing facility exit lights..................................................................................... 5-71 5.3.23 Runway guard lights............................................................................................................... 5-72 5.3.24 Apron floodlighting................................................................................................................ 5-74 5.3.25 Visual docking guidance system............................................................................................. 5-75 5.3.26 Advanced visual docking guidance system............................................................................ 5-77 5.3.27 Aircraft stand manoeuvring guidance lights........................................................................... 5-79 5.3.28 Road-holding position light.................................................................................................... 5-80 5.3.29 No-entry bar............................................................................................................................ 5-80 5.3.30 Runway status lights............................................................................................................... 5-82 5.4 Signs..................................................................................................................................................... 5-83 5.4.1 General.................................................................................................................................... 5-83 5.4.2 Mandatory instruction signs.................................................................................................... 5-86 5.4.3 Information signs.................................................................................................................... 5-88 5.4.4 VOR aerodrome checkpoint sign............................................................................................ 5-91 5.4.5 Aerodrome identification sign................................................................................................ 5-92 5.4.6 Aircraft stand identification signs........................................................................................... 5-93 5.4.7 Road-holding position sign..................................................................................................... 5-93 5.5 Markers................................................................................................................................................ 5-94 5.5.1 General.................................................................................................................................... 5-94 5.5.2 Unpaved runway edge markers............................................................................................... 5-94 5.5.3 Stopway edge markers............................................................................................................ 5-94 5.5.4 Edge markers for snow-covered runways............................................................................... 5-95 5.5.5 Taxiway edge markers............................................................................................................ 5-95 5.5.6 Taxiway centre line markers................................................................................................... 5-96 5.5.7 Unpaved taxiway edge markers.............................................................................................. 5-96 5.5.8 Boundary markers................................................................................................................... 5-97 CHAPTER 6. Visual aids for denoting obstacles............................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Objects to be marked and/or lighted..................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Marking and/or lighting of objects....................................................................................................... 6-3 CHAPTER 7. Visual aids for denoting restricted use areas................................................................................ 7-1 7.1 Closed runways and taxiways, or parts thereof.................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Non-load-bearing surfaces................................................................................................................... 7-2 7.3 Pre-threshold area................................................................................................................................. 7-3 7.4 Unserviceable areas.............................................................................................................................. 7-4 CHAPTER 8. Electrical systems........................................................................................................................ 8-1 8.1 Electrical power supply systems for air navigation facilities............................................................... 8-1 8.2 System design....................................................................................................................................... 8-4 8.3 Monitoring............................................................................................................................................ 8-4 CHAPTER 9. Aerodrome operational services, equipment and installations..................................................... 9-1 9.1 Aerodrome emergency planning.......................................................................................................... 9-1 9.2 Rescue and firefighting........................................................................................................................ 9-3 9.3 Disabled aircraft removal..................................................................................................................... 9-10 9.4 Wildlife strike hazard reduction........................................................................................................... 9-11 (vii) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I 9.5 Apron management service.................................................................................................................. 9-11 9.6 Ground servicing of aircraft................................................................................................................. 9-12 9.7 Aerodrome vehicle operations.............................................................................................................. 9-12 9.8 Surface movement guidance and control systems................................................................................ 9-13 9.9 Siting of equipment and installations on operational areas.................................................................. 9-14 9.10 Fencing................................................................................................................................................. 9-16 9.11 Security lighting................................................................................................................................... 9-16 9.12 Autonomous runway incursion warning system.................................................................................. 9-16 CHAPTER 10. Aerodrome maintenance............................................................................................................ 10-1 10.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 10-1 10.2 Pavements............................................................................................................................................ 10-1 10.3 Removal of contaminants..................................................................................................................... 10-2 10.4 Runway pavement overlays.................................................................................................................. 10-3 10.5 Visual aids............................................................................................................................................ 10-4 APPENDIX 1. Colours for aeronautical ground lights, markings, signs and panels.......................................... APP 1-1 1. General................................................................................................................................................. APP 1-1 2. Colours for aeronautical ground lights................................................................................................. APP 1-1 3. Colours for markings, signs and panels................................................................................................ APP 1-4 APPENDIX 2. Aeronautical ground light characteristics................................................................................... APP 2-1 APPENDIX 3. Mandatory instruction markings and information markings...................................................... APP 3-1 APPENDIX 4. Requirements concerning design of taxiing guidance signs....................................................... APP 4-1 APPENDIX 5. Location of lights on obstacles................................................................................................... APP 5-1 ATTACHMENT A. Guidance material supplementary to Annex 14, Volume I................................................ ATT A-1 1. Number, siting and orientation of runways.......................................................................................... ATT A-1 2. Clearways and stopways...................................................................................................................... ATT A-2 3. Calculation of declared distances......................................................................................................... ATT A-3 4. Slopes on a runway.............................................................................................................................. ATT A-4 5. Runway surface evenness..................................................................................................................... ATT A-6 6. Runway condition report for reporting runway surface condition....................................................... ATT A-8 7. Drainage characteristics of the movement area and adjacent areas...................................................... ATT A-10 8. Strips.................................................................................................................................................... ATT A-13 9. Runway end safety areas...................................................................................................................... ATT A-14 10. Location of threshold........................................................................................................................... ATT A-15 11. Approach lighting systems................................................................................................................... ATT A-16 12. Priority of installation of visual approach slope indicator systems...................................................... ATT A-23 13. Lighting of unserviceable areas............................................................................................................ ATT A-24 14. Rapid exit taxiway indicator lights....................................................................................................... ATT A-24 15. Intensity control of approach and runway lights.................................................................................. ATT A-25 16. Signal area............................................................................................................................................ ATT A-25 3/11/22 (viii) Table of Contents Annex 14 —Aerodromes 17. Rescue and firefighting services........................................................................................................... ATT A-25 18. Operators of vehicles............................................................................................................................ ATT A-28 19. The aircraft classification number-pavement classification number (ACN-PCN) method of reporting pavement strength (applicable until 27 November 2024).................................................... ATT A-28 19. The aircraft classification rating-pavement classification rating (ACR-PCR) method of reporting pavement strength (applicable as of 28 November 2024).................................................... ATT A-29 20. Autonomous runway incursion warning system (ARIWS).................................................................. ATT A-30 21. Taxiway design guidance for minimizing the potential for runway incursions.................................... ATT A-32 22. Aerodrome mapping data..................................................................................................................... ATT A-34 ATTACHMENT B. Obstacle limitation surfaces............................................................................................... ATT B-1 LIMITED INDEX OF SIGNIFICANT SUBJECTS INCLUDED IN ANNEX 14, VOLUME I.......................... 1 (ix) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (used in Annex 14, Volume I) Abbreviations Abbreviations ACN† Aircraft classification number mm Millimetre ACRHH Aircraft classification rating mnm Minimum ADP Airside driver permit MN Meganewton AIP Aeronautical information publication MPa Megapascal APAPI Abbreviated precision approach path MSL Mean sea level indicator NFZ Normal flight zone aprx Approximately NM Nautical mile ARIWS Autonomous runway incursion NU Not usable warning system OCA/H Obstacle clearance altitude/height ASDA Accelerate-stop distance available OFZ Obstacle free zone ATS Air traffic services OLS Obstacle limitation surface AT-VASIS Abbreviated T visual approach slope OMGWS Outer main gear wheel span indicator system PAPI Precision approach path indicator C Degree Celsius PCNH Pavement classification number CBR California bearing ratio PCRHH Pavement classification rating cd Candela RESA Runway end safety area CIE Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage RFF Rescue and firefighting cm Centimetre RVR Runway visual range CRC Cyclic redundancy check SMS Safety management system DME Distance measuring equipment TODA Take-off distance available E Modulus of elasticity TORA Take-off run available FOD Foreign object debris T-VASIS T visual approach slope indicator system ft Foot VMC Visual meteorological conditions ILS Instrument landing system VOR Very high frequency omnidirectional radio IMC Instrument meteorological conditions range K Degree Kelvin WHMP Wildlife hazard management programme kg Kilogram WIP Work in progress km Kilometre km/h Kilometre per hour Symbols kt Knot L Litre ° Degree LCFZ Laser-beam critical flight zone = Equals LDA Landing distance available  Minute of arc LFFZ Laser-beam free flight zone µ Friction coefficient LSFZ Laser-beam sensitive flight zone > Greater than m Metre < Less than max Maximum % Percentage MLS Microwave landing system ± Plus or minus † Applicable until 27 November 2024. HH Applicable as of 28 November 2024. 3/11/22 (x) Publications Annex 14 — Aerodromes PUBLICATIONS (related to the specifications of this Annex) Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (Doc 9830) Aerodrome Design Manual (Doc 9157) Part 1 — Runways Part 2 — Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays Part 3 — Pavements Part 4 — Visual Aids Part 5 — Electrical Systems Part 6 — Frangibility Aeronautical Information Services Manual (Doc 8126) Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064) Aircraft Type Designators (Doc 8643) Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184) Part 1 — Master Planning Part 2 — Land Use and Environmental Management Part 3 — Guidelines for Consultant/Construction Services Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137) Part 1 — Rescue and Fire Fighting Part 2 — Pavement Surface Conditions Part 3 — Wildlife Hazard Management Part 5 — Removal of Disabled Aircraft Part 6 — Control of Obstacles Part 7 — Airport Emergency Planning Part 8 — Airport Operational Services Part 9 — Airport Maintenance Practices Air Traffic Services Planning Manual (Doc 9426) Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) Aviation Security Manual (Doc 8973-Restricted) Guidance on the Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management (Doc 9829) Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683) ICAO’s Policies on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation Services (Doc 9082) Manual of Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Operations (Doc 9640) Manual of All-Weather Operations (Doc 9365) Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS) (Doc 9476) Manual on Certification of Aerodromes (Doc 9774) (xi) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I Manual on Laser Emitters and Flight Safety (Doc 9815) Manual on Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near-Parallel Instrument Runways (SOIR) (Doc 9643) Manual on the ICAO Bird Strike Information System (IBIS) (Doc 9332) (forthcoming) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aerodromes (PANS-Aerodromes) (Doc 9981) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aeronautical Information Management (PANS-AIM) (Doc 10066) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS) (Doc 8168) Volume I — Flight Procedures Volume II — Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM) (Doc 4444) Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859) Stolport Manual (Doc 9150) World Geodetic System — 1984 (WGS-84) Manual (Doc 9674) Assessment, Measurement and Reporting of Runway Surface Conditions (Cir 355) New Larger Aeroplanes — Infringement of the Obstacle Free Zone: Operational Measures and Aeronautical Study (Cir 301) New Larger Aeroplanes – Infringement of the Obstacle Free Zone: Collision Risk Model and Aeronautical Study (Cir 345) (forthcoming) _____________________ 3/11/22 (xii)  FOREWORD Historical background Standards and Recommended Practices for Aerodromes were first adopted by the Council on 29 May 1951 pursuant to the provisions of Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago 1944) and designated as Annex 14 to the Convention. The Standards and Recommended Practices were based on recommendations of the Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Division at its third session in September 1947 and at its fourth session in November 1949. Table A shows the origin of subsequent amendments together with a list of the principal subjects involved and the dates on which the Annex and the amendments were adopted by the Council, when they became effective and when they became applicable. Action by Contracting States Notification of differences. The attention of Contracting States is drawn to the obligation imposed by Article 38 of the Convention by which Contracting States are required to notify the Organization of any differences between their national regulations and practices and the International Standards contained in this Annex and any amendments thereto. Contracting States are invited to extend such notification to any differences from the Recommended Practices contained in this Annex and any amendments thereto, when the notification of such differences is important for the safety of air navigation. Further, Contracting States are invited to keep the Organization currently informed of any differences which may subsequently occur, or of the withdrawal of any differences previously notified. A specified request for notification of differences will be sent to Contracting States immediately after the adoption of each amendment to this Annex. The attention of States is also drawn to the provisions of Annex 15 related to the publication of differences between their national regulations and practices and the related ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices through the Aeronautical Information Service, in addition to the obligation of States under Article 38 of the Convention. Promulgation of information. The establishment and withdrawal of and changes to facilities, services and procedures affecting aircraft operations provided in accordance with the Standards and Recommended Practices specified in this Annex should be notified and take effect in accordance with the provisions of Annex 15. Status of Annex components An Annex is made up of the following component parts, not all of which, however, are necessarily found in every Annex; they have the status indicated: 1.— Material comprising the Annex proper: a) Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by the Council under the provisions of the Convention. They are defined as follows: Standard: Any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, matériel, performance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application of which is recognized as necessary for the safety or regularity of ANNEX 14 — VOLUME I (xiii) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I international air navigation and to which Contracting States will conform in accordance with the Convention; in the event of impossibility of compliance, notification to the Council is compulsory under Article 38. Recommended Practice: Any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, matériel, performance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application of which is recognized as desirable in the interest of safety, regularity or efficiency of international air navigation, and to which Contracting States will endeavour to conform in accordance with the Convention. b) Appendices comprising material grouped separately for convenience but forming part of the Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by the Council. c) Definitions of terms used in the Standards and Recommended Practices which are not self-explanatory in that they do not have accepted dictionary meanings. A definition does not have independent status but is an essential part of each Standard and Recommended Practice in which the term is used, since a change in the meaning of the term would affect the specification. d) Tables and Figures which add to or illustrate a Standard or Recommended Practice and which are referred to therein, form part of the associated Standard or Recommended Practice and have the same status. 2.— Material approved by the Council for publication in association with the Standards and Recommended Practices: a) Forewords comprising historical and explanatory material based on the action of the Council and including an explanation of the obligations of States with regard to the application of the Standards and Recommended Practices ensuing from the Convention and the Resolution of Adoption. b) Introductions comprising explanatory material introduced at the beginning of parts, chapters or sections of the Annex to assist in the understanding of the application of the text. c) Notes included in the text, where appropriate, to give factual information or references bearing on the Standards or Recommended Practices in question, but not constituting part of the Standards or Recommended Practices. d) Attachments comprising material supplementary to the Standards and Recommended Practices, or included as a guide to their application. Selection of language This Annex has been adopted in six languages — English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish. Each Contracting State is requested to select one of those texts for the purpose of national implementation and for other effects provided for in the Convention, either through direct use or through translation into its own national language, and to notify the Organization accordingly. Editorial practices The following practice has been adhered to in order to indicate at a glance the status of each statement: Standards have been printed in light face roman; Recommended Practices have been printed in light face italics, the status being indicated by the prefix Recommendation; Notes have been printed in light face italics, the status being indicated by the prefix Note. The following editorial practice has been followed in the writing of specifications: for Standards the operative verb “shall” is used, and for Recommended Practices the operative verb “should” is used. 3/11/22 (xiv) Foreword Annex 14 — Aerodromes The units of measurement used in this document are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) as specified in Annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Where Annex 5 permits the use of non-SI alternative units these are shown in parentheses following the basic units. Where two sets of units are quoted it must not be assumed that the pairs of values are equal and interchangeable. It may, however, be inferred that an equivalent level of safety is achieved when either set of units is used exclusively. Any reference to a portion of this document, which is identified by a number and/or title, includes all subdivisions of that portion. In order to maintain a comprehensive edition of this Annex, the latest amendments have been consolidated in a new edition of the Annex. In so doing, provisions with particular applicability dates have been adjusted editorially, as appropriate. Table A. Amendments to Annex 14, Volume I Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 1st Edition Third and Fourth — 29 May 1951 Sessions of the 11 November 1951 Aerodromes, Air 11 June 1952* Routes and Ground 11 June 1954 Aids Division 1 to 6 Fifth Session of the Physical characteristics of runways, strips, clearways, stopways, taxiways and 20 May 1953 Aerodromes, Air aprons; physical characteristics of channels, turning basins, taxi channels and 11 September 1953 Routes and Ground mooring areas; approach areas; clearing and restriction of obstructions; obstruction 11 April 1954* Aids Division marking; marking of unserviceable portions of the movement area; secondary 11 January 1955 power supply; aerodrome beacon; runway markings; stopway markers; approach, lead-in and runway lighting. 7 to 13 Sixth Session of the Physical characteristics of runways, strips, taxiways and aprons; approach and take- 12 May 1958 Aerodromes, Air off areas and surfaces; clearing and restriction of obstructions; obstruction 11 September 1958 Routes and Ground markings; runway markings; stopway markers; taxiway markings; approach, 11 December 1958 Aids Division runway and taxiway lighting; circling guidance lights; rescue and fire fighting services. 14 Correspondence Precision approach lighting system. 17 May 1959 11 October 1959 11 October 1959 15 Vertical Separation Pre-flight altimeter checkpoint. 15 May 1959 Panel 11 October 1959 11 October 1959 16 Correspondence Extinguishing agents. 12 December 1960 12 December 1960 12 December 1960 17 Correspondence Pre-flight altimeter checkpoint. 12 December 1960 12 December 1960 12 December 1960 18 First Meeting of the VASIS 19 June 1961 ANC Visual Aids 11 October 1961 Panel 11 October 1961 * Two applicability dates approved. (xv) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 19 Seventh Session of Physical characteristics of runways, clearways, stopways, taxiways and aprons; take- 23 March 1964 the Aerodromes, Air off and approach areas; clearing and restriction of obstructions; obstruction markings; 11 August 1964 Routes and Ground wind direction indicator; landing direction indicator; aerodrome beacon; runway 11 November 1964 Aids Division markings; approach lighting system; runway alignment indicator; runway centre line; touchdown zone and taxiway lighting; rescue and fire fighting services. 20 Second Meeting of Visual aids for use in operational performance category II conditions. 13 December 1965 the ANC Visual Aids 13 April 1966 Panel 25 August 1966 21 Fourth Air Navigation Emergency lighting; threshold marking; fixed distance marking; approach light 28 June 1967 Conference and beacons; taxiway centre line lighting; secondary power supply; maintenance of 28 October 1967 Fourth Meeting of the aerodrome lighting and marking aids; monitoring of visual aids. 18 February 1968 ANC Visual Aids Panel 22 Correspondence and VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking and sign. 28 June 1968 ANC Visual Aids 28 October 1968 Panel 18 September 1969 23 Fifth Air Navigation Declared distances; strength of pavements; information on aerodrome conditions; 23 January 1969 Conference reference code letters; runway length correction for slope; runway strips; taxiway 23 May 1969 clearances; holding bays; taxi-holding position markings; approach lighting systems; 18 September 1969 visual approach slope indicator systems; secondary power supply; rescue and fire fighting services; bird hazard reduction services. 24 Fifth Meeting of the Marking of unusable or unserviceable portions of the movement area; touchdown 31 March 1971 ANC Visual Aids zone markings; category II holding position marking and sign; T-VASIS and AT- 16 September 1971 Panel and First VASIS; runway edge lighting; exit taxiway centre line lighting; stop bars and 16 January 1972 Meeting of the ANC clearance bars; emergency access roads; colour specifications for lights. Rescue and Fire Fighting Panel 25 ANC Visual Aids Visual approach slope guidance for long-bodied aircraft. 26 May 1971 Panel 26 September 1971 16 January 1972 26 Seventeenth Session Aerodrome security; water rescue vehicles. 15 December 1971 of the Assembly and 15 April 1972 Middle East/South 17 December 1972 East Asia Regional Air Navigation Meeting 27 ANC Visual Aids Runway centre line light colour coding; maintenance services. 20 March 1972 Panel and Middle 20 July 1972 East/South East Asia 17 December 1972 Regional Air Navigation Meeting 28 Secretariat and Sixth Definition for snow on the ground; frangibility of light fixtures; runway centre line 11 December 1972 Meeting of the ANC marking; taxiway centre line lighting; colour specifications for lights. 11 April 1973 Visual Aids Panel 16 August 1973 29 Council action in Aerodrome security. 17 December 1973 pursuance of 17 April 1974 Assembly Resolutions 23 May 1974 A17-10 and A18-10 3/11/22 (xvi) Foreword Annex 14 — Aerodromes Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 30 Eighth Air Navigation Runway shoulders and strips; runway end safety areas; aerodrome reference 13 February 1976 Conference and temperature; clearways; holding bays; physical characteristics of taxiways; taxiway 13 June 1976 editorial revision of shoulders and strips; pavement strength; runway transverse slopes; runway braking 30 December 1976 the Annex action; obstacle limitation surfaces; category III runway lighting and marking; taxiway lighting; stop bars; rescue and fire fighting services; disabled aircraft removal. 31 Seventh Meeting of Obstacle limitation surfaces; light intensity control; inset light temperatures; 13 December 1976 the ANC Visual Aids taxiway centre line lights; apron floodlighting; visual docking guidance systems; 13 April 1977 Panel and Fifth signs; maintenance of visual aids. 16 October 1977 Meeting of the ANC Obstacle Clearance Panel 32 Correspondence and Definition of frangibility; siting and construction of equipment and installations on 14 December 1977 ANC Visual Aids operational areas; colour specifications for lights and markings. 14 April 1978 Panel 10 August 1978 33 Correspondence and Reporting of information on visual approach slope indicator systems; runway, 26 March 1979 Secretariat taxiway and taxi-holding position markings; approach lighting for displaced 26 July 1979 thresholds; runway edge and centre line lights; aerodrome emergency planning. 29 November 1979 34 Eighth Meeting of the Apron markings; precision approach lighting systems; visual approach slope 30 November 1979 ANC Visual Aids indicator systems; circling guidance lights; runway lead-in lighting systems; stop 30 March 1980 Panel bars; visual docking guidance system; aircraft stand manoeuvring guidance lights; 27 November 1980 aircraft stand identification signs; marking and lighting of obstacles. 35 Secretariat and the Reporting of pavement strength; visual approach slope indicator systems; approach 23 March 1981 ANC Visual Aids lighting systems; maintenance of lighting. 23 July 1981 Panel 26 November 1981 36 Aerodromes, Air Aerodrome reference code; runway friction characteristics; runway end safety 22 November 1982 Routes and Ground areas; taxiway separation distances; rapid exit taxiways; taxiways on bridges; 23 March 1983 Aids Divisional holding bays; obstacle limitation surfaces; PAPI; taxi-holding position marking and 24 November 1983 Meeting (1981), lights; runway centre line guidance; visual ground signals; rescue and fire fighting; Ninth Meeting of the apron management service; declared distances; ground servicing of aircraft; units of ANC Visual Aids measure. Panel and Secretariat 37 Secretariat Fuelling. 29 March 1983 29 July 1983 24 November 1983 38 Secretariat and the Aerodrome data; APAPI; colour coding of exit taxiway centre line lights; stop bars; 17 March 1986 ANC Visual Aids taxi-holding position lights; taxiway edge markers; markers for overhead wires; 27 July 1986 Panel obstacle lighting of lighthouses; maintenance of taxiway centre line lights; surface 20 November 1986 marking colours. (xvii) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 39 Secretariat and the 1. Annex to be issued in two volumes as follows: Volume I — Aerodrome 19 March 1990 (Annex 14, ANC Visual Aids Design and Operations (incorporating provisions in the eighth edition of Annex 14 30 July 1990 Volume I, Panel as amended by Amendment 39) and Volume II — Heliports. 15 November 1990 1st Edition) 2. Take-off runways; aerodrome reference code; reporting of pavement strength; runway friction characteristics; conditions of movement area; separation of parallel runways; taxiway minimum separation distances; taxi-holding position marking; installation tolerances for PAPI; obstacle protection surface; stop bars; signs; taxiway centre line markers; aerodrome security; surface movement guidance and control; aerodrome emergency planning; rescue and fire fighting; maintenance; runway pavement overlay; bird hazard reduction; apron management service; colours for transilluminated signs and panels; aeronautical ground light characteristics. 1 Twelfth Meeting of Definitions of frangible object, precision approach runways, road, road-holding 13 March 1995 (Annex 14, the ANC Visual Aids position, runway guard lights, and taxi-holding position; standard geodetic 24 July 1995 Volume I, Panel and Secretariat reference system; radio altimeter operating area, minimum distance between 19 November 1995 2nd Edition) parallel runways; frangibility; runway and taxiway markings, aeronautical beacons, lighting aids for MLS operations, deletion of specifications on VASIS (AVASIS) and 3-BAR VASIS (3-BAR AVASIS), stop bars, runway guard lights, visual docking guidance system, taxiing guidance signs; obstacle lighting; visual aids for denoting restricted use areas; secondary power supply, electrical systems, monitoring, airport design, surface movement guidance and control systems; rescue and fire fighting, maintenance of visual aids; aeronautical ground light characteristics; form and proportions of information marking; design of taxiing guidance signs; friction characteristics of wet runways. 2 Air Navigation Aeronautical databases and vertical component of the World Geodetic System — 20 March 1997 Commission 1984 (WGS-84). 21 July 1997 16 November 1997 3 Thirteenth Meeting of Definitions of aerodrome traffic density, de-icing/anti-icing facility, de-icing/ anti- 15 March 1999 (Annex 14, the ANC Visual Aids icing pad, holdover time, Human Factors principles, human performance, 19 July 1999 Volume I, Panel and Secretariat intermediate holding position, runway-holding position, signs, switch-over time; 14 November 1999 3rd Edition) new aerodrome reference code letter F in Table 1-1; runways, taxiways and taxiway minimum separation distances related to code letter F aeroplane operations, sight distance, runway strips, runway end safety areas, clearways, stopways, taxiways on bridges, holding bays, runway-holding positions, intermediate holding positions and road-holding positions, de-icing/anti-icing facilities; obstacle free zone width for code letter F; runway-holding position marking, intermediate holding position marking, mandatory instruction marking, marking of de-icing/anti-icing facilities, approach lighting systems, runway and taxiway centre line lights, stop bars, intermediate holding position lights, lighting of de-icing/anti-icing facilities, runway guard lights, variable message signs, intersection take-off signs; visual aids for denoting obstacles; secondary power supply switch-over time, security measures in airport design, frangibility of non-visual aids on operational areas; Human Factors principles applied to aerodrome emergency planning, rescue and fire fighting, and maintenance, system of preventive maintenance for precision approach runways, categories II and III; colour measurement of aeronautical ground lights; isocandela diagrams for high-intensity taxiway centre line lights and runway guard lights; measurement of the average luminance of a sign, Table 4.1 of Appendix 4; Appendix 6. 4 Secretariat and the Definitions of aerodrome certificate, certified aerodrome, safety management 12 March 2001 Twelfth Meeting of system; certification of aerodromes; obstacle limitation surfaces; specifications 16 July 2001 the ANC Obstacle concerning aerodrome emergency planning; rescue and fire fighting. 11 November 2001 Clearance Panel 3/11/22 (xviii) Foreword Annex 14 — Aerodromes Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 5 Secretariat Laser-beam free flight zones and bird hazard reduction. 17 March 2003 14 July 2003 27 November 2003 6 Fourteenth Meeting Definitions of runway turn pad, calendar, datum and Gregorian calendar; common 27 February 2004 (Annex 14, of the ANC Visual reference systems; aerodrome dimensions and related information; physical 12 July 2004 Volume I, Aids Panel and characteristics of runway turn pads; runway turn pad markings and lights; rapid exit 25 November 2004 4th Edition) Secretariat taxiway indicator lights; information marking; stop bars; runway guard lights; intensity of taxiway centre line lights on rapid exit taxiways; Figure 6-2, Examples of marking and lighting of tall structures; electrical power supply systems for air navigation facilities; monitoring of lighting systems; Appendix 1, Colours for Aeronautical Ground Lights, Markings, Signs and Panels; Appendix 2, Aeronautical Ground Light Characteristics; Appendix 5, Aeronautical Data Quality Requirements. 7 Secretariat, Sixth Note to the definition of runway-holding position; certification of aerodromes; 12 March 2005 Meeting of the references to land-use planning and to the balanced approach to aircraft noise 11 July 2005 Committee on management; runway turn pads; taxiways; bird hazard reduction; fencing; 24 November 2005 Aviation pavement maintenance. Environmental Protection 8 35th Session of the Definitions of balked landing, safety programme and safety management system; 14 March 2006 ICAO Assembly; safety management; obstacle free zone. 17 July 2006 Fourteenth Meeting 23 November 2006 of the ANC Obstacle Clearance Panel; Eleventh Air Navigation Conference 9 Secretariat Note on the applicability of wheel-to-edge clearances on taxiways. 15 June 2006 — — 10-A Secretariat, First Definitions of instrument runway and obstacle; certification of aerodromes; 14 March 2009 (Annex 14, Meeting of the aerodrome data; enhanced taxiway centre line marking; mandatory instruction 20 July 2009 Volume I, Aerodromes Panel, marking; taxiway edge lights; advanced visual docking guidance system; 19 November 2009 5th Edition) Seventh Meeting of mandatory instruction signs; marking and lighting of wind turbines; public health the Operations Panel emergencies in aerodrome emergency planning, rescue and fire fighting; wildlife strike hazard reduction; pavement monitoring and maintenance; chromaticity and luminance factors of green colour in Appendix 1; notes to Figures A2-9 and A2-10 for isocandela diagrams for runway edge lights in Appendix 2; NO ENTRY sign in Figure A4-2 in Appendix 4; guidance on runway surface evenness, location of displaced threshold and rescue and fire fighting in Attachment A. 10-B Secretariat Safety management; Appendix 7, Framework for Safety Management Systems 14 March 2009 (SMS); Attachment C, Framework for the State Safety Programme (SSP). 20 July 2009 18 November 2010 (xix) 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 11-A Second meeting of the Definition of hot spot; definitions of Aerodrome Mapping Data and integrity 27 February 2013 (Annex 14, Aerodromes Panel classification; definitions of instrument runway and non-instrument runway; 15 July 2013 Volume I, (AP/2); transfer of safety management provisions to Annex 19; maximum allowable tire 14 November 2013 6th Edition) Special Meeting of pressure category; condition of the movement area and related facilities; aerodrome the Safety mapping data; surface of runways and of runway turn pads; objects on runway Management Panel strips; blast pad; runway end safety areas; surface of stopways and of taxiways; (SMP/SM/1); enhanced taxiway centre line marking; simple touchdown zone lights; alternate Secretariat supported taxiway centre line lights; stop bars; runway guard lights; no-entry bar; by the AIS to AIM reformatting of Chapter 6; visual aids for denoting obstacles; aerodrome emergency Study Group planning including modular tests; rescue and fire fighting, including performance (AIS-AIMSG) level C foam; siting of equipment and installations on operational areas; aerodrome maintenance, including runway surface friction characteristics; removal of contaminants, runway pavement overlays and visual aids, including light emitting diodes (LEDs); Appendix 1, colours for Aeronautical Ground Lights, Markings, Signs and Panels, including white colour for LED; Appendix 2, Aeronautical Ground Light characteristics, including no-entry bar; Appendix 5, integrity classifications; Attachment A, guidance material on assessing the surface friction characteristics of snow-, slush-, ice-and frost-covered surface, determination of surface friction characteristics for construction and maintenance purposes, drainage characteristics of movement area and adjacent areas, runway end safety areas. 11-B Secretariat supported Revised definitions for instrument runway and non-instrument runway as a result of 27 February 2013 by the Approach a new approach classification. 15 July 2013 Classification Task 13 November 2014 Force (ACTF) in coordination with the Aerodromes Panel (AP), the Instrument Flight Procedures Panel (IFPP), the Navigation Systems Panel (NSP) and the Operations Panel (OPSP) 12 Secretariat supported First Edition of the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aerodromes 4 March 2015 by the PANS- (PANS-Aerodromes) (Doc 9981). 13 July 2015 Aerodromes Study 10 November 2016 Group (PASG) in coordination with the Aerodromes Panel (AP) 13-A Third meeting of the Definitions of arresting system, autonomous runway incursion warning system 22 February 2016 (Annex 14, Aerodromes Panel (ARIWS), foreign object debris (FOD); description of arresting system; storm 11 July 2016 Volume I, (AP/3); First meeting water conveyances on runway and taxiway strips; blast pads; clearance for straight 10 November 2016 7th Edition) of the Aerodrome and curved portions of code C taxiways; reduced taxiway and taxilane separation Design and distances; clearance distances on aircraft stands; taxiway design guidance for Operations Panel prevention of runway incursions; flashing characteristics and colour specifications (ADOP/1) for LEDs; clarification on light intensity distribution; marking and lighting of wind turbines over 150 m height; location criteria for PAPI obstacle protection surface; mandatory instruction and information markings; ARIWS; prevention and installation of devices for FOD; guidance material on runway surface unevenness, ARIWS, taxiway design for minimizing potential for runway incursions and aerodrome mapping data. 3/11/22 (xx) Foreword Annex 14 — Aerodromes Adopted/Approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 13-B Third meeting of the Enhanced global reporting format for assessing and reporting runway surface 22 February 2016 Aerodromes Panel condition. 11 July 2016 (AP/3) developed by 5 November 2020 the Friction Task Force 14 Second meeting of the Revised aerodrome reference code in Table 1-1; runway widths, shoulders, turn 9 March 2018 (Annex 14, Aerodrome Design pads and strips; taxiway widths, shoulders and strips; reduced taxiway minimum 16 July 2018 Volume I, and Operations Panel separation distances; an amendment to update footnote e. in Table 4-1; and a 8 November 2018 8th Edition) (ADOP/2); Thirteenth consequential amendment, as a result of the restructuring of Annex 15 and the meeting of the introduction of PANS-AIM (Doc 10066), relating to change of references, data Instrument Flight quality requirements and performance-based data error detection requirements. Procedures Panel (IFPP/13); and Twelfth meeting of the Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) Aeronautical Information Management (AIM) Study Group (AIS-AIMSG/12). 15 Third meeting of the Revised definition of precision approach runway category III; airport master plan; 9 March 2020 Aerodrome Design aeroplanes equipped with folding wing tips; reporting of pavement strength; 20 July 2020 and Operations Panel reporting of works in progress on movement areas; width of clearways; 5 November 2020 (ADOP/3); Eighth standardized taxiway nomenclature; runway guard lights; no-entry bars; minimum 3 November 2022 meeting of the PANS- sizes of signs; autonomous aircraft detection system; visual aids for denoting closed 28 November 2024 Aerodromes Study runways and taxiways or part thereof; training of aerodrome personnel; procedures Group (PASG/8) on management of wildlife, apron safety and establishment of airside driver permit. 16 Eighth Meeting of the Postponement of the applicability date of Amendment 13-B: 19 June 2020 220th Session of the Amendment concerning the use of an enhanced global reporting format for 30 September 2020 ICAO Council assessing and reporting runway surface conditions. 4 November 2021 17 Fifth meeting of the Rescue and fire fighting for general aviation. 7 March 2022 (Annex 14, Flight Operations 18 July 2022 Volume I, Panel (FLTOPSP/5) 3 November 2022 9th Edition) in coordination with the Aerodrome Design and Operations Panel (ADOP) _____________________ (xxi) 3/11/22  INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES CHAPTER 1. GENERAL Introductory Note.— This Annex contains Standards and Recommended Practices (specifications) that prescribe the physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be provided for at aerodromes, and certain facilities and technical services normally provided at an aerodrome. It also contains specifications dealing with obstacles outside those limitation surfaces. It is not intended that these specifications limit or regulate the operation of an aircraft. To a great extent, the specifications for individual facilities detailed in Annex 14, Volume I, have been interrelated by a reference code system, described in this chapter, and by the designation of the type of runway for which they are to be provided, as specified in the definitions. This not only simplifies the reading of Volume I of this Annex, but in most cases, provides for efficiently proportioned aerodromes when the specifications are followed. This document sets forth the minimum aerodrome specifications for aircraft which have the characteristics of those which are currently operating or for similar aircraft that are planned for introduction. Accordingly, any additional safeguards that might be considered appropriate to provide for more demanding aircraft are not taken into account. Such matters are left to appropriate authorities to evaluate and take into account as necessary for each particular aerodrome. Provisions for the accommodation of more demanding aircraft at existing aerodromes can be found in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981). Guidance on some possible effects of future aircraft on these specifications is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual (Doc 9157), Part 2. It is to be noted that the specifications for precision approach runway categories II and III are only applicable to runways intended to be used by aeroplanes in code numbers 3 and 4. Annex 14, Volume I, does not include specifications relating to the overall planning of aerodromes (such as separation between adjacent aerodromes or capacity of individual aerodromes), impact on the environment, or to economic and other non-technical factors that need to be considered in the development of an aerodrome. Information on these subjects is included in the Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184), Part 1. Guidance material on the environmental aspects of the development and operation of an aerodrome is included in the Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184), Part 2. Aviation security is an integral part of aerodrome planning and operations. Annex 14, Volume I, contains several specifications aimed at enhancing the level of security at aerodromes. Specifications on other facilities related to security are given in Annex 17 — Aviation Security and detailed guidance on the subject is contained in the Aviation Security Manual (Doc 8973-Restricted). ANNEX 14 — VOLUME I 1-1 3/11/22 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I 1.1 Definitions When the following terms are used in this Annex they have the following meanings: Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. Aerodrome beacon. Aeronautical beacon used to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air. Aerodrome certificate. A certificate issued by the appropriate authority under applicable regulations for the operation of an aerodrome. Aerodrome elevation. The elevation of the highest point of the landing area. Aerodrome identification sign. A sign placed on an aerodrome to aid in identifying the aerodrome from the air. Aerodrome mapping data (AMD). Data collected for the purpose of compiling aerodrome mapping information for aeronautical uses. Note.— Aerodrome mapping data are collected for purposes that include the improvement of the user’s situational awareness, surface navigation operations, training, charting and planning. Aerodrome mapping database (AMDB). A collection of aerodrome mapping data organized and arranged as a structured data set. Aerodrome reference point. The designated geographical location of an aerodrome. Aerodrome traffic density. a) Light. Where the number of movements in the mean busy hour is not greater than 15 per runway or typically less than 20 total aerodrome movements. b) Medium. Where the number of movements in the mean busy hour is of the order of 16 to 25 per runway or typically between 20 to 35 total aerodrome movements. c) Heavy. Where the number of movements in the mean busy hour is of the order of 26 or more per runway or typically more than 35 total aerodrome movements. Note 1.— The number of movements in the mean busy hour is the arithmetic mean over the year of the number of movements in the daily busiest hour. Note 2.— Either a take-off or a landing constitutes a movement. Aeronautical beacon. An aeronautical ground light visible at all azimuths, either continuously or intermittently, to designate a particular point on the surface of the earth. Aeronautical ground light. Any light specially provided as an aid to air navigation, other than a light displayed on an aircraft. Aeroplane reference field length. The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air and zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane flight manual prescribed by the certificating authority or equivalent data from the aeroplane manufacturer. Field length means balanced field length for aeroplanes, if applicable, or take-off distance in other cases. 3/11/22 1-2 Chapter 1 Annex 14 — Aerodromes Note.— Attachment A, Section 2, provides information on the concept of balanced field length and the Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) contains detailed guidance on matters related to take-off distance. Aircraft classification number (ACN).† A number expressing the relative effect of an aircraft on a pavement for a specified standard subgrade category. Note.— The aircraft classification number is calculated with respect to the centre of gravity (CG) position which yields the critical loading on the critical gear. Normally the aftmost CG position appropriate to the maximum gross apron (ramp) mass is used to calculate the ACN. In exceptional cases the forwardmost CG position may result in the nose gear loading being more critical. Aircraft classification rating (ACR).†† A number expressing the relative effect of an aircraft on a pavement for a specified standard subgrade category. Note.— The aircraft classification rating is calculated with respect to the centre of gravity (CG) position which yields the critical loading on the critical gear. Normally the aftmost CG position appropriate to the maximum gross apron (ramp) mass is used to calculate the ACR. In exceptional cases the forwardmost CG position may result in the nose gear loading being more critical. Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an aircraft. Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purpos