Animal Tissue.pdf

Animal and Plant Tissue Lab 09 Objectives: • • • Get Familiar with parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants. Get familiar with epithelial and connective tissue in animals. Get Familiar with muscle tissue and nerve nerve in animals. What are Tissues? A group of cells having common origin, simi...

Animal and Plant Tissue Lab 09 Objectives: • • • Get Familiar with parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants. Get familiar with epithelial and connective tissue in animals. Get Familiar with muscle tissue and nerve nerve in animals. What are Tissues? A group of cells having common origin, similar structure and performing a definite function is called a tissue. Tissues are found in plants and animals. Plants and animals are made up of many different kinds of tissues. For example, groups of bone cells form bone tissues and muscle cells form muscle tissue. Different types of tissues have distinctive architecture best suited for what they do. We will see that plant tissues are different from animal tissues in many ways. Plant Tissues: Plant tissues can be grouped into two basic types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma Tissues: Parenchyma Tissue: Parenchyma tissues are found in the soft parts of plant such the roots, stems, leaves and flowers. The cells in this tissue are loosely packed, as they contain large intercellular spaces between them. The cells consist of cytoplasm and nucleus that is surrounded by a cell wall. Each cell has a vacuole at the center. The functions of parenchyma tissues are storage, photosynthesis, and also to help the plant float on water. Sclerenchyma Tissue: Sclerenchyma tissue consists of thick-walled, dead cells. These cells are long, narrow and General Biology BIO 101 Animal and Plant Tissue Lab 09 have hard and extremely thick secondary walls due to the uniform distribution of lignin. Lignin deposition is so thick that the cell walls become strong, rigid and impermeable to water. There are no inter-cellular spaces between sclerenchyma cells. Nucleus is absent in the cell. The function of this tissue is to give protection and support to the plant. Animal Tissues: Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: epithelial, muscular, connective and nervous tissues. General Biology BIO 101 Animal and Plant Tissue Lab 09 Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissue is the type of tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of your body's organs. Epithelial tissue has differently sized and shaped cells and the cells can be arranged into differently shaped structures. Connective Tissue: Connective tissue in the body comes in a variety of forms. First, we will look at loose connective tissue. In this type, fibers are loosely entwined with many cells embedded. Adipose, or fat tissue, is an example of loose connective tissue. If we pull on our skin, we can see that it moves around quite easily because of this loose connection. Next, there is dense connective tissue. It has thicker, denser fibers and fewer cells. The matrix is made up mostly of collagen fibers, with fibroblasts arranged in rows. This type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments, which attach muscle to bone and bone to bone, respectively. It is important to have strong connections between muscle and bone for our body to move properly. Cartilage is the third type of connective tissue. Many of us are familiar with this flexible tissue that makes up our nose and ears. Cartilage is strong due to the collagen fibers within its matrix, and it is resilient due to a gel matrix. Cartilage is also found in the body as a cushion within the skeletal system. General Biology BIO 101 Animal and Plant Tissue Lab 09 Bones are a fourth example of connective tissue. Bones are made up of different types of connective tissue, including bone tissue and marrow. Bone tissue is either spongy or compact depending on the organization of the cells and matrix. The Striated Muscle Fiber and Nerve Tissues: Striated Muscle Fiber: Striated muscles cells are long and cylindrical fibers. The fibers are enclosed within a membrane called sarcolemma. These fibers are multinucleated, which means they have many nuclei. Each cell cytoplasm consists of many myofibrils. These are voluntary muscles. Nerve Tissue: The nervous tissue consists of the nerve cells and neurons. The large body of the nerve cell is called the cyton, which contains the cell’s nucleus. The cell body branches out to form dendrons. Dendrons further branch out to form fibers called dendrites. There is also a single long fiber projecting from the cyton called axon. The neurons in the brain communicate with other nerve cells that reach throughout the body forming the body’s nervous system. General Biology BIO 101 Animal and Plant Tissue Lab 09 General Biology BIO 101