Animal Physiology Notes Working Doc. .docx

**Animal Physiology/The Digestive System** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Learning Outcomes** | **Learning Intentions** | +===================================+===================================+ | \- Compare the ruminant and mono...

**Animal Physiology/The Digestive System** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Learning Outcomes** | **Learning Intentions** | +===================================+===================================+ | \- Compare the ruminant and mono | - - - - - - - | | gastric digestive systems, | | | including the role of | | | microorganisms. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Nutrition** is the process whereby an organism obtains and uses food 1. 2. a. b. c. **Digestion** - the breakdown of food into components that can be used within the body 1. 2. **Digestive Process:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **The Teeth** - *Incisors*: Chisel like teeth used for cutting and biting *Canines*: Pointed and sharp teeth used for tearing food *Premolars*: Relatively flat teeth used for grinding *Molars*: Flat teeth used for crushing food +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Dental Formula: | | | |  | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Chemical Digestion in the Mouth** Mouth has 3 pairs of salivary glands. Saliva of cattle contains: A. B. C. D. Saliva acts as a lubricant so the food is easier chew, swallow and move along the oesophagus. - - **Ruminant Animals:** Cattle and sheep are classified as ruminants as they have four compartments to their stomach: 1. 2. 3. 4. Unlike monogastric animals, ruminants have a digestive system that is specifically adapted to ferment plant material. To ferment food is to digest the food anaerobically. This material, now known as a 'cud', is then regurgitated back up into the mouth, where the food is rechewed (chewing the cud or also called rumination) for a second time before being swallowed again. ------------------------------------------------------------------  ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. - - - - - - - - - - Have a symbiotic relationship with the animal: 1. 2. 3. - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Bloat** | **Acidosis** | +===================================+===================================+ | Ruminant acidosis is a bovine | Bloat is the buildup of gas in | | metabolic disease. | the rumen. Gas is a natural | | | product of the fermentation | | Acidosis in cattle is usually | process. It is usually excreted | | associated with the ingestion of | through belching. Bloat is caused | | large amount of highly | when gas is not released. | | fermentable, carbohydrate rich | | | feeds. | To treat: | | | | | Excessive production and | - - | | accumulation of acids in the | | | rumen. | | | | | | To prevent acidosis the correct | | | feeding and management of the | | | herd should be maintained. The | | | rumen needs to adapt to any | | | change in diet especially if | | | moving onto high grain diets. | | | Supplementing with adequate | | | levels of fibre promote movement | | | and peristalsis in the rumen. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 2\. The Reticulum: - - - - 3\. Omasum - - 4 Abomasum - - - - A. B. C. - **Digestion in the young ruminant:** - - - - **Small Intestine** 1. a. b. c. i. 2. d. e. f. ii. iii. iv. v. g. Amino acids, glucose, vitamins and minerals absorbed into capillaries h. i. **Large Intestine** Consists of: 1. 2. - - - **Monogastric Animal** -  - - - - - - - +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Feature** | **Ruminant** | **Monogastric** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Diet of Animal | Plant based material | Concentrate ration | | | (cellulose) e.g grass | (no cellulose) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Dentition | (0 I 0 C 3 PM 3 M) x2 | (3 I 1 C 4 PM 3 M) x2 | | | | | | | (3 I 1 C 3 PM 3 M) | (3 I 1 C 4 PM 3 M) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Composition of Saliva | - - - - - | - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Stomach | They have 4 | 1 stomach compartment | | | compartments to their | | | | stomach: | - Similar to the | | | | abomasum of | | | 1. | ruminant | | | | | | | - - - - - - | - Gastric juices | | | - - | containing HCL | | | | and pepsinogen | | | 2. - - - - - | are secreted in | | | - - - | the stomach | | | | | | | 3. | - HCL maintains | | | | acidic nature pH | | | - - - - - | 2 | | | | | | | 4. - - - | - Converts | | | | Pepsinogen into | | | - - - - - - | Pepsin | | | | | | | | - Food in stomach | | | | is chemically and | | | | physically broken | | | | down | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+