ANIMAL NUTRITIONabajar lec.1pdf.txt
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I. Definition of Terms a. Nutrition -- is the study of various physical and chemical processes that transform food elements to body elements and the influence of various feed additives to various processes in the body. It involves ingestion, digestion and absorption of various nutrients, the...
I. Definition of Terms a. Nutrition -- is the study of various physical and chemical processes that transform food elements to body elements and the influence of various feed additives to various processes in the body. It involves ingestion, digestion and absorption of various nutrients, their transport to all body cells, its metabolism and the removal of the unusable nutrients and waste products of metabolism b. Foodd/Feed -- a term given to any material that embraces naturally in both plants and animals including the by‐products prepared from them. Ex: corn, rice bran, fish meal, c. Feedstuff -- the term given to any material both natural in origin and synthetically prepared that when properly used have nutritional value in the diet.Ex: Corn, DL methionine,feed suplements,some vitamin premixes,etc d. Nutients -- are substances or elements found in the that are very necessary to support animal life processes of the animals. These are the carbohydrates, fats, proteins vitamins, minerals and water. e.Ration -- the food given to the animals with balance of nutrients needed by the animals within 24 hours requirement/food allowance f. Diet -- it is the kind of food given to the animals regardless whether balance or unbalance of nutrient requirements needed by the animals g. Digestion -- is the process of breaking down of food particles through mechanical, enzymatic and/or microbial processes in preparation for absorption h. Absorption -- is the transport of all digested nutrients to all parts of the body tissues and cells i. Metabolism -- is the next process of nutrient utilization in the body after it is digested and absorbed in the cells. It is the sum total of all the physical and chemical changes occurring in the body where nutrients are metabolized into energy in the form of ATP, carbon dioxide, and water(metabolic water) j. Metabolic water -- is the water produced from the nutrients( carbohydrates, fats and proteins) when metabolized in the cells. II. Gross Chemical Composition of Plant and Animal Tissues: 1. Proximate composition of plant and animal tissues Nutrient Plant Animal Carbohydrates Very high‐75% Zero ‐ negligible Fats Low -- 3‐10% ( pseudo fats) High -- 20%(true fats) Proteins Low‐high(3‐45%) High Minerals Low‐ 0.5% High Vitamins High High Water High High 2.Elemental Composition for Both Plants and Animals Carbohydrates -- very high in plants and negligible in animal tissues. Carbohydrates are the major component of animal food consisting of about 75% of the dry weight of plants which provide energy to animals Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen where hydrogen and oxygen present in the same proportion with that of water. Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides -- simple sugars that are utilized by the body without undergoing hydrolysis. Ex: glucose,galactose, fructose. mannose, xylose Disaccharide -- these are carbohydrates containing 2 simple sugars that should undergo hydrolysis with specific enzymes before it is absorbed and utilized by the body. Ex: Maltose, sucrose, lactose Polysaccharides -- these contain several simple sugars that should undergo hydrolysis with specific enzymes before they are absorbed and utilized by the body. Ex: starch, cellulose,glycogen, hemicellulose, gums, pectins,lignin Fats or Lipids ‐present in both plants and animals ‐insoluble in water but soluble in ether, benzene and chloroform ‐yield fatty acids and glycerol upon hydrolysis ‐contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Classification of Fats/Lipids Simple lipids/fats -- esters of fatty acids and alcohol ‐Fats and oils -- esters of fatty acids and glycerol ‐Waxes -- esters of long chain sterols or monohydric alcohol Compound lipids -- esters of fatty and alcohol in combination with other compounds. ‐ Phospholipids -- fatlike compound phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base ‐ Glycolipids -- containing a fatty acid, a carbohydrate, a complex alcohol and nitrogen base but no phosphorous. Fatty acids found in Lipids Saturated Formula Sources/Occurrence Acetic CH2COOH Vinegar Butyric C3H7COOH Butter Caproic C5H11COOH Butter Caprylic C7H15COOH Coconut Capric C9H19COOH Palm oil Lauric C11H23COOH Laurel and coconut Myristic C13H27COOH Nutmeg oil Palmitic C15H31COOH Palm oil and lard Stearic C17H35COOH Tallow Arachidic C19H39COOH Peanut Behemic C21H43COOH Bean oil Lignoceric C23H47COOH Peanut Cerotic C25H51COOH Waxes Meleissic C29H59COOH Waxes Unsaturated Formula Sources/Occurrence Oleic C17H33COOH Olive oil Linoleic C17H31COOH Corn oil Linolenic C17H29COOH Linseed oil Arachidonic C19H31COOH Lecithin and cephalin Clupanodonic C21H33COOH Fish oil Saturated fatty acids -- are those wherein all the carbon skeletons are filled up with hydrogen Unsaturated fatty acids -- are those wherein not all carbons are filled up with hydrogen, it contained double bonds. Proteins -- contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and iron The principal constituents of the organs of soft structure of the animal body Composed of amino acids Classification of Amino Acids Essential -- are those that are necessary but the body cannot synthesize, therefore they must be supplied. Non‐essential -- are those that are necessary but the body can synthesize Essential Amino Acids Non‐essential Amino Acids Phenylalanine Glycine Histidine Alanine Isoleucine Aspartic Leucine Glutamic Lysine Proline Methionine Hydroxyproline Threonine Serine Valine Cystine Arginine Tyrosine Tryptophan Citrulline Classification of Proteins Simple proteins -- contain only ordinary amino acids other organic or inorganic structures. Examples: 1. Albumin -- egg white, blood serum 2. Globulins --seed proteins, myosin in muscles and antibodies 3. Glutelins -- cereal grain proteins 4.Prolamins -- common in most seeds 5. Histones -- globin of hemoglobin 6. Protamines -- nucleic acids. sperm of fish 7. Scleroproteins or albuminoids -- fibrous proteins like hair/nail proteins Conjugated proteins -- yields other materials aside from amino acids. Examples: 1. Phosphoprotein -- casein,pepsin,(containing phosphorus) 2. Glycoprotein -- gonadotrophic hormones(containing carbohydrates) 3. Lipoprotein -- blood,egg,brain(containing lipids) 4. Chromoproteins -- pigments, enzymes 5. Nucleoproteins -- containing nucleic acids Minerals -- When the carcass of an animal and plant are completely burnt, it is reduced to ash. This as is the inorganic elements which are very important to ensure the efficiency of the animal body. Minerals are classified into two groups: 1. Macro‐minerals -- which are found and needed in greater amount Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chlorine Potassium Sulfur Magnesium 2. Micro‐minerals -- which are found and needed in smaller amount Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Nickel Vanadium Boron Chromium Zinc Vitamins -- are organic substances essential for the maintenance of health and life of farm animal though needed in very minute amounts. Classification of Vitamins 1. Fat soluble vitamins -- needed for the maintenance and function of body tissues and organs. Examples Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K These can be stored in the body tissue in excess of body need. 2. Water soluble vitamins -- needed for the metabolic processes through the enzyme system of the body which they are part of. Examples. Vitamin B1 -- Thiamine Vitamin B2 ‐ Riboflavin Vitamin B6 -- Pyridoxine Vitamin B12 ‐ Cyanocobalanmine Biotin -- Vitamin H Choline Folic Acid -- Pteroylglutamic acid Vitamin C -- Ascorbic Acid Pantothenic Acid Niacin -- Nicotenic Acid Para‐Amino‐Benzoic Acid (PABA) Water -- a compound that is colorless and odorless which contain two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. Sources of water animal obtain: 1. Water for the spring -- cheapest and most abundant 2. Water from the feeds -- Uneconomical and not wanted rather than water from spring -- the water range from 10 -- 85% water 3. Metabolic water -- the water produced when the nutrients are completely metabolized in the cells C6H12O6 Metabolized ATP + CO2 + H2O Carbohydrate produced 60% metabolic water Protein produced 40% metabolic water Fats produced 100% metabolic water Water requirement for maximum tolerance in feeds for storage FEEDS % Water required Ground feeds 11% water Small grains 13% water Shelled corn 15% water Grass hay 20% water Molasses 40% water Silage 70% water Animal deficient of the following nutrients Marasmus -- disease caused by carbohydrates deficiency Kwasiorkor -- disease caused by protein deficiency Avitaminosis -- complete dietary lack of vitamin Schematic presentation of feed and its proximate analysis FEEDS Water Dry Matter Drying (Oven) Burning Organic Matter Inorganic Matter (Ashes‐Minerals) Non‐Nitrogenous Substances Strong Acid‐base; Digestion Distillation; Titration Nitrogenous Substances Protein‐Nitrogen Non‐Protein Nitrogen Amino Acids Enzymes Polypeptides Proteosis Peptones Urea Amides Purine Nucleic Acid Pyrimide Ether extraction Ether Extract ( Crude Fat) Carbohydrates Fat soluble Vitamins Carotene Chlorophyll Sterol Phospholipids Glycolipids Slight Acid‐Based DigestionSoluble Carbohydrates (NFE) Starch Sugar Hemicellulose Vitamins Less Soluble Carbohydrate s Cellulose (Fiber) Lignin Silica % Nutrient in the Feeds Nitrogen balance (NB) = Nitrogen -- Nitrogen in feces The Nitrogen in feed utilized or retained in the body. Negative or Positive Nitrogen balance Nutrient Carbohydrate Digestion/Enzyme End Product Nutrient Absorb Mono‐saccharides Glucose Galactose Fructose Disaccharide Maltose Maltase Glucose, Glucose Glucose Lactose Lactase Glucose, Galactose Glucose, Galactose Sucrose Sucrase Glucose, Fructose Glucose, Fructose Polysaccharides Starch Amylase Glucose Glucose Hemicellulose Hemicellulase Glucose Glucose Galactose Galactose Xylose Xylose Arabinose Arabinose Mannose Mannose Cellulase Cellulase Glucose Glucose Li i These are absorbed directly without the benefit of digestion Not digestible no digestive enzyme could digest Nutrient Carbohydrate Digestion/ Enzyme End Product Nutrient Absorb Fats Emulsify by the bile and lecithin Lipase Glycerol Glycerol Fatty Acids Fatty Acids Protein Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Polypeptidase Dipeptidase Vitamins Minerals Water Amino Acids No structural and chemical changes takes place from digestion and to absorption