Animal Kingdom Class Notes PDF

Animal Kingdom Class Notes Go to the slideshow that should be on Brightspace and take notes on them for later studying that will be on tests in the future. Ask questions in the notes and then provide the answers as a fun twist this time. Digestive System Review ⇓ -​ Ingestion: The proc...

Animal Kingdom Class Notes Go to the slideshow that should be on Brightspace and take notes on them for later studying that will be on tests in the future. Ask questions in the notes and then provide the answers as a fun twist this time. Digestive System Review ⇓ -​ Ingestion: The process of taking food/nutrients into the body. -​ Digestion: Breaking down the food. -​ Absorption: Absorption of the nutrients in the food. -​ Egestion: Elimination of unabsorbed waste materials Digestive Tract Notes ⇓ -​ Peristalsis:Basically a fancy term for saying that your digestive system has rhythmic contractions to move the food and keep it going. Meaning you can eat against gravity. -​ Sphincters: Rings of muscles that push that food forward and prevent backflow. Two Types of Digestion ⇓ -​ Mechanical: Chewing and Muscular movement, Emulsification [Which is basically using saliva as a lubricant and to increase hydration when chewing]. -​ Chemical: Breakdown of foods by a power protein called enzymes (produced by glands) Absorption in the Digestive System ⇓ -​ Lactiles help absorbs fats -​ Villi helps with increasing surface area for absorption -​ Capillaries are around each villi to absorb that nutrients -​ Located in the small intestine the villa are designed to absorb those nutrients into the bloodstream. The Mouth Physical and Chemical Digestion ⇓ -​ Physical Digestion: -​ Incisors- Cut food. Canines- Tear/Rip food. Molars-Grind food. Tongue- Moves Food. -​ Chemical Digestion: Saliva- Moistens food, Enzymes (Amylase) breaks down starch. The Stomach Physical and Chemical Digestion ⇓ -​ Physical Digestion: Storage and mixing of food. -​ Chemical Digestion: -​ Hydrochloric Acid breaks down fibrous tissue and kills bacteria. -​ 2 Liters of Gastric fluids are released by lining per day -​ Mucus protects the lining from the acidity -​ An Enzyme called Pepsin begins protein digestion. Large Intestine Purpose ⇓ -​ Concentrates material by absorbing water -​ Stores feces (MIxture of undigested and unabsorbed material, water and bacteria) -​ Bacteria produce vitamins. Bonus Notes & Facts ⇓ -​ Pharynx: Tube that controls the passage of air to the trachea & lungs or the food to the esophagus -​ Liver: While the liver has many functions--- in the digestive system it mainly produces Bile which is an enzyme to help breakdown fats and other things for the small intestine. The liver is like your body's chemical factory -​ Gallbladder: The gallbladder stores the bile that the liver produces. The Sphincters lining squeezes it out of the gallbladder into the small intestine whenever there is fat that needs bile for digestion. -​ Pancreas: Produces a lot of the enzymes required to break down the fats, starches and sugars that we consume and procure the hormones to aid the digestion system as well. -​ Rectum: Stores the waste products while the anus is the sphincter that pushes it out. Respiratory System Review ⇓ -​ Summary: The respiratory system brings in oxygen to use as energy and exhales carbon dioxide. -​ Inhalation Order: Nasal cavity or mouth---Pharynx---Larynx and vocal cords---Trachea---Bronchi---Bronchioles---Alveoli. The Exhalation Order is opposite. Inhalation Functions [Breathing-Ventilation] ⇓ -​ Diaphragm contracts [Flattens and moves downwards] -​ Intercostal muscles contract to move rib cage up and out -​ Thoracic cavity enlarges -​ Pressure in the lungs decreases and air rushes in. Exhalation Functions [Breathing-Ventilation] ⇓ -​ Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards -​ Intercostal muscles relax to move rib cage down and in -​ Volume of thoracic cavity decreases -​ Pressure in lungs increases -​ Air is then forced out. Air Processing Summary ⇓ -​ Cilia Description & Function: -​ Small hairs lining nasal cavity and airways -​ Sweep debris and diary mucous up trachea for disposal by coughing swallowing or spitting. -​ Mucous Function: -​ Coats cilia & lung tissue -​ Traps dust and bacteria -​ Allows gases to dissolve so they can move through membranes -​ Blood Vessels: -​ Warm air to body temperature Gas Exchange ⇓ -​ External Respiration: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood -​ Oxygen binds to hemoglobin and is carried by red bloods cells -​ Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli. -​ Internal Respiration: Oxygen diffuses out of blood into extracellular fluid then into cells -​ Carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells, into extracellular fluid, then into blood. -​ Carbon dioxide is carried in blood plasma as a dissolved gas. Cellular Respiration ⇓ -​ Occurs in mitochondria -​ Breakdown of glucose to produce ATP which is like the cell's energy currency -​ Requires large amount of oxygen -​ Produces carbon dioxide and water. Circulatory System Review ⇓ Purpose Of The System ⇓ -​ To circulate needed materials to the cells -​ Remove waste products from the cells -​ Equalize temperatures in different parts of the body Composition of the Blood ⇓ -​ 55% of your blood is Plasma and 45% is formed elements -​ Plasma is 92% water and 8% plasma proteins & other stuff. -​ Formed elements is 99.9% red blood cells, 0.1% white blood cells & Platelets Red Blood Cells Summary ⇓ -​ Function: to carry the oxygen to the cells -​ Formed: In the bone marrow (Specifically in the hips and femurs so like big bones) -​ Shape & Structure: Biconcave disc, no nucleus -​ (The shape is special to allow them to rolls around and hemoglobin protein is the thing that allows it to have that shape and roll and tumble niceley around the veins and arteries, there is about 4 hemoglobin per healthy red blood cell) -​ Life Span: 90-120 days- liver breaks down old Red Blood Cells (RBS’s) -​ About 4-6 Billion per cm3 White Blood Cells Summary ⇓ -​ Function: to fight infections that you have -​ Formed: in the bone marrows as well, stored in lymph nodes (Kind of like camp sites) -​ Structure: have a nucleus, some with granules in the cytoplasm -​ About 5-9 million per cm3 -​ Lifespan: Hours-100’s of days Platelets Summary ⇓ -​ Function: Their job is to clot blood -​ Formed: In the bone marrow as well -​ Structure: fragments of cells no nucleus -​ 250 million per cm3 -​ Lifespan: 7-10 days Blood Vessels ⇓ -​ Arteries & Arterioles: The different between the two is size in diameter  -​ They carry blood away from the heart and are smaller in diameter than a vein, they are more muscular than veins and have thicker walls (more smooth muscle) and contract at a really high pressure. -​ Veins & Venules: They are bigger in diameter but don't contract -​ They carry the blood to the heart -​ Have little flaps / valves that prevent backflow of the blood because under low pressure it's kinda hard to keep it from falling when the heart is in between pumps. Capillaries Summary ⇓ -​ Capillary “beds” connect the artery and veins together -​ They have thin walls about one cells thick -​ Gaz exchange (Diffusion of O2 and CO2) occurs at capillaries Types of Circulation ⇓ -​ Pulmonary Circulation: supply of blood to the lungs -​ Cardiac Circulation: supply blood to the heart muscle -​ Systemic Circulation: supplies blood to all other tissues of the body The Heart Summary ⇓ -​ Materials: Muscle that supplies the pressure to move blood -​ Made of Cardiac muscle tissue -​ Covered with a sac of pericardium which basically helps prevent friction damage. -​ Structure: Consist of two pumps, separated by a muscular wall called the septum to prevent the mixing of blood from the two sides. -​ Two pumps in the heart each have two chambers: Atrium (Top) and Ventricle (Bottom) -​ Atrioventricular valve controls the floor of blood between those two -​ Semilunar valves controls the exit of blood from the heart -​ Heart Beats: Pacemaker is a group nerve fibers in the right atrium that maintain the beating of the heart -​ One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle -​ Each cycle consists of a contraction of the heart and relaxations (Systole and Diastole) -​ The sound you hear when your heart beats is the sound of the valves closing (First the atrioventricular valves [bicuspid and tricuspid] then the semilunar valves).