Anesthesia PDF Notes

Types of Anesthesia Loss of Consciousness Analgesia (insensibility to pain) Hypnosis (artificial sleep)...

Types of Anesthesia Loss of Consciousness Analgesia (insensibility to pain) Hypnosis (artificial sleep) Relaxation (rendering a part of body less tense) Types of Anesthesia 1. Client is unconscious, so is a way to control respiration and cardiac function is readily pain during a surgery regulated. or procedure by using 2. Anesthesia can be medicines called adjusted to the length of anesthetics. the operation and the client’s age and physical It can help control status. your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, 1. Depresses the respiratory and heart rate and and circulatory systems. rhythm. Types of Anesthesia A. Inhalation 1. General Anesthesia - It is the most common - Pain is controlled by method. general insensibility. - The anesthesia vapor of a - acts primarily on the volatile liquid or brain and central anesthetic gas is inhaled nervous system. and carried to the blood - uses a combination of stream by passing across intravenous drugs the alveolar membrane and inhaled gasses into the general circulation (anesthetics). and onto the tissue. 1 1. Gaseous Agent Types of Anesthesia nitrous oxide is the most common used agent and is usually given with oxygen. It is colorless, odorless gas that provides analgesia 2. Volatile agents liquid Typesagents vaporized for of Anesthesia General Mask anesthesia (GMA) inhalation. O2 is the carrier, flowing over or bubbling through the liquid in the vaporizer system on the anesthesia machine. Examples: Halothane (Flouthane) Nitrous oxide (N20) Enflurane (Ethane) Sevoflurane Isoflurane Laryngeal Mask Anesthesia (LMA) 2 General Endotracheal tube Anesthesia Examples (GETA) Types of Anesthesia Penthotal sodium (barbituates) - used to help patients relax before receiving general anesthesia with an inhaled medication. - slows the activity of the brain and nervous system. Examples Types of Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia B. Intravenous Fentanyl (opioid -Injected narcotic) -belongs to a class of directly drugs known as into opioid analgesics. circulation -It works in the brain to change how your usually via a body feels and peripheral responds to pain. vein. Examples Types of Anesthesia Examples Types of Anesthesia Demerol (opioid Pentothal sodium narcotic) Fentanyl (opioid narcotic) - belongs to a class of drugs known as opioid Demerol (opioid narcotic) analgesics and is similar to morphine. Nalbuphine Hcl (narcotic) - It works in the brain to Propofol change how your body feels and responds to Midazolam pain. 3  Techniques: Examples A.Types Topical Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia of Anesthesia - Applied directly Propofol (Diprivan) into the skin mucous a sedating and hypnotic agent membrane, open administered intravenously to skin surfaces, wounds and burns. induce and maintain anesthesia or Examples: sedation Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Benzocaine Examples B. Local Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia (Infiltration) Propofol (Diprivan) - Injection of the anesthetic agent a sedating and hypnotic agent intracutaneously and administered intravenously to subcutaneously induce and maintain anesthesia or into tissues to block peripheral sedation nerve stimuli at their origin. Example: Lidocaine C. Regional Application Types of Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia C1. Nerve Block 2. Local / Regional - Loss of sensation Loss of sensation in a specific produced by injecting the body part or region. anesthetic drug around a Pain is controlled without specific nerve to interrupt loss of consciousness. sensory, motor or The anesthetic drug is sympathetic transmission of injected around a specific impulses. nerve or group of nerves to interrupt pain impulses. 4  Posterior Tibial Nerve Block Types of Anesthesia 3. Spinal Anesthesia - Loss of sensation below the level of the diaphragm produced by the injection of the anesthetic drug into the subarachnoid space without LOC. - Lumbar puncture – between L4 and L5. C.2. Intravenous Block (Bier Types of Anesthesia Block) - Used most often for procedures involving the arm, wrist and hand. - An occlusion tourniquet is applied to the extremity to prevent infiltration and absorption of the injected IV agent beyond the involved extremity. Spinal Anesthesia Intravenous Block (Bier Block) 5 Categories: 1. Low Types of Spinal Anesthesia Anesthesia Spinal Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia (saddle or caudal) level of umbilicus – “saddle sit” Position: - manifests anesthesia over the - Client is usually in lateral saddle area, i.e., perineum, position. Patients back is at the perianal area, medial aspect of edge of the OR table, parallel to it. legs and thigh. Knees are flexed onto the abdomen - perineal or rectal surgery. and head is flex to knees. Hips and shoulder are vertical to table to prevent rotation of the spine. 2. Midof Anesthesia Types - below the level of the umbilicus- T1 - used for hernia repairs of appendectomy. Categories: 3.of Types High Anesthesia - reaching the nipple – T4 - for cesarian section Complications: - postural dependent spinal anesthesia. Uses: - Abdominal surgery, pelvic surgery and urologic procedures. 6  Types of Anesthesia Types of Anesthesia 4. Epidural Anesthesia Examples - Injection is made into space A. Bupivacaine HCL surrounding dura matter within the B. Licodaine HCL spinal cord. C. Mepivacaine HCL Uses: D. Chloroprocaine Anorectoral, vaginal and perineal procedures. More commonly used for OB patients as a continuous technique to control pain labor and delivery during and after CS. Epidural Anesthesia Stages of General Types of Anesthesia Anesthesia Stage 1: Induction. Stage 2: Excitement or delirium. Stage 3: Surgical anesthesia. Stage 4:medullary depression / Danger Stage Stage 1- Stage of analgesia / amnesia Techniques Types of Anesthesia Starts from beginning of anaesthetic inhalation and lasts up to the loss of consciousness Ø Characterized by loss of response to verbal commands and loss of consciousness Ø Patient is drowsy, dizzy, and may experience auditory or visual hallucination. Ø Normal CR, BP, slow RR, but increase in depth. 7 Stage Types2-ofStage of Excitement Anesthesia GETAof– Anesthesia Types General Endotracheal tube Ø Begins with LOC and extends Anesthesia CSEA – Combined Spinal Epidural through loss of eyelid reflexes. Anesthesia SAB – Sub-arachnoid Block Ø Irregular RR, increased HR, GA – General Anesthesia increased BP, pupils widely PNB – Peripheral Nerve Block dilated. GIVA – General Intravenous Anesthesia LMA – Laryngeal Mask Anesthesia TIVA – total intravenous anesthesia Stage 3- Stage of Surgical Types of Anesthesia Anesthesia Ø Surgery usually begins at this stage. Ø Client is motionless with regular shallow RR. Ø (-) Blinking & gag reflex, (-) corneal reflex. Stage 4- Stage of medullary depression / Types Dangerof Anesthesia Stage Types of Anesthesia Ø Characterized by profound depth of anesthesia. Assignment: Ø Caused by overdose. Complications of Ø Patient is not breathing, no heartbeat at all. anesthesia Ø(-) reflex, weak thready pulse, decrease BP, widely dilated pupils 8 Types of Anesthesia 9