Anatomy Review PDF

Anatomy Review pages to know from the book Page. 354 fetal circulation! difference between arteriosus and venosus -Ductus venosus. Blood flows through the umbilical vein from the placenta into the fetus. Within the body of the fetus, the umbilical vein branches. Some blood flows through one...

Anatomy Review pages to know from the book Page. 354 fetal circulation! difference between arteriosus and venosus -Ductus venosus. Blood flows through the umbilical vein from the placenta into the fetus. Within the body of the fetus, the umbilical vein branches. Some blood flows through one branch to the fetal liver. Most of the blood, however, bypasses the liver and flows through the ductus venosus into the IVC. After birth, the ductus venosus closes and serves no further purpose. Because the deflated fetal lungs are not used for gas exchange, they have no need for blood to be pumped through the pulmonary circulation. Two modifications in the fetal heart and large vessels reroute most of the blood past the lungs. These are the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus: - The fetal heart has a short tube called the ductus arteriosus (DUK-tus ar-teer-ee-OH-sus) that connects the pulmonary trunk with the descending aorta. Blood pumped into the pulmonary trunk bypasses the lungs by flowing through the ductus arteriosus directly into the aorta. After birth, these fetal structures close. Failure of fetal structures to close after birth is the basis for a variety of congenital heart defects. Naturally secreted prostaglandins help keep the ductus arteriosus open. Drugs such as aspirin and indomethacin block prostaglandin synthesis, thereby causing a premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. babies in the womb the don't breathe in the womb (they breath through the umbilical cord/mother) umbilical cord when babies take their first breath they cry (means their lungs are clear/ ductus venosus closes and the arteriosus opens after birth) Vitamin K- is a clotting factor - we are born without it (baby bleeds they inject vitamin K/ left thigh) Blood type antigens - antibodies : page 301 A person with type A blood has the A antigen on the RBC. A person with type B blood has the B antigen on the RBC. A person with type AB blood has both A and B antigens on the RBC. A person with type O blood has neither A nor B antigens on the RBC. (has the void of antigen so its universal) A person with type A blood has anti-B antibodies in the plasma. A person with type B blood has anti-A antibodies in the plasma. A person with type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma. A person with type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. *****Know agglutination**** This clumping of the antigen–antibody interaction is called agglutination. Agglutination reactions cause the RBCs to burst or lyse, a process called hemolysis. If rapid hemolysis were to occur in the circulation, hemoglobin would be liberated from the RBCs, causing kidney failure and death. Rh Classification System: page 302 Blood is classified according to the Rh factor; is an antigen located on the membrane (outside covering) of the RBC. RH (+) if it contains the Rh factor (A+ blood) RH (-) it does not contain the Rh factor (A- blood) RhoGAM- Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by the administration of the drug RhoGAM. RhoGAM is administered to the Rh-negative (−) mother duringpregnancy and within 72 hours after delivery. Endocrine- page 264. Steroid hormones- some are and some are not lipid soluble, they all pass through the plasma membrane of the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus. all steroid–receptor complex stimulate protein synthesis. The newly synthesized protein alters cellular function. Lymphatic- page 288 blood is made in the bone marrow- stem cells The lymphocytes and monocytes originate in the bone marrow; some of the lymphocytes then mature and reproduce in the lymphatic tissue. the stem cell differentiates into a megakaryocyte (they engulf) (meg-ah-KAIR-ee-oh-syte), a large blood cell that breaks up into tiny cell fragments called platelets or thrombocytes. Red blood cells (RBCs) For adults= the range goes by 4.2 - 6.0 million/μL They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Page 288 Figure 15.2 -  Differentiation of a Stem Cell into RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets **most mature cells contain a nucleus ( always ending in -blast) if its mature its ready to go to the system/organ ** ending in in -phil- means they're the first line of defense -white blood cells. what connective tissue makes blood cells for the body- creates muscle and bone- myoblasts and lymphocytes- these are blood cells. Cardiac- page 315- 317 AV, Atrioventricular Valves- responsible for the lub-dub- The heart has four valves. The purpose of the heart valves is to keep the blood flowing in a forward direction. The valves lie at the entrances and exits of the ventricles. Two of the valves are called atrioventricular valves (AV valves), which are located between the atria and the ventricles. Blood flows from the atria through the AV valves into the ventricles. AV valves, which look like basketball nets, are entrance valves because they allow blood to enter the ventricles. The other two valves are classified as semilunar valves, named because the cusps of the valves resemble a half-moon (semi- means “half,” lunar means “moon”). The semilunar valves control the outflow of blood from the right and left ventricles and are therefore exit valves. Atrioventricular Valves The AV valves are located between the atria and the ventricles on each side of the heart. The AV valves have cusps or leaflets (see Fig. 16.5). When the ventricles are relaxed, the cusps hang loosely within the ventricles; in this position, the valves are open and permit the flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles. The heart sounds can be heard through a stethoscope placed over the chest wall. The first heart sound (the “lubb”) is called S1. S1 is caused by the closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction; it is best heard over the apex of the heart. The second heart sound (the “dupp”) is called S2 and is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular relaxation. S2. The aortic semilunar valve, or the left semilunar valve, is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. When the left ventricle relaxes, the valve is in a closed position. When the left ventricle contracts, thus increasing intraventricular pressure, blood from the ventricles forces the aortic valve open and flows into the aorta. When the left ventricle relaxes, the aortic valve snaps closed and prevents any backflow of blood from the aorta into the ventricle. How and why do the semilunar valves close? Pressure! The semilunar valves close when the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and the aorta becomes greater than the pressure in the relaxed ventricles. the 2 AV valves: tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valve The two semilunar valves (exit valves) are the pulmonic and aortic semilunar valves The right AV valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The right AV valve is called the tricuspid valve because it has three cusps. When the tricuspid valve is open, blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, however, the tricuspid valve closes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium. The valve ensures a forward flow of blood. The left AV valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The left AV valve is called the bicuspid valve because it has two cusps. It is also known as the mitral valve because it resembles a bishop’s mitre—a hat with two flaps. When the mitral valve is open, blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve closes and prevents the flow of blood from the left ventricle back into the left atrium. SA node - 320- 321. The SA node is located in the upper posterior wall of the right atrium. An electrical signal originates within the SA node. This signal is called the action potential or the cardiac impulse. In this chapter, we use the term cardiac impulse. The SA node (our pacemaker) fires a cardiac impulse 60 to 100 times per minute. our normal heart beat and rhythm. normal 120/80. important *****if the SA node fails the AV node is gonna kick in a range 40-60 per minute. to help the SA node kick in normally. ***** Example: when the SA fails to function as a pacemaker, the AV node takes over and fires at a slower rate of 40 to 60 beats/min. Sometimes the ventricles assume the pacemaker role and fire at a much slower rate of 30 to 40 beats/min. Impaired pacemaker activity is common and often requires the insertion of an artificial pacemaker. The cardiac impulse spreads from the SA node through both atria along the atrial conducting fibers. The signal also spreads to the AV node. Atrioventricular Node The AV node is located in the floor of the right atrium, near the interatrial septum. The purpose of the AV node is twofold: (1) it acts as a path for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atrial conducting fibers into the ventricular bundle of His, and (2) the AV node slows the cardiac impulse as it moves through the AV node into the bundle of His. The slowing of the cardiac impulse by the AV node is important because it delays ventricular activation and gives the relaxed ventricle time to fill with blood during atrial contraction. NOTE: Do not confuse the AV node with the AV valve. calculate blood assessment: height, sex, and ? ***where's the heart? left midline behind the sternum.**** ventricle to artery to capillary- ventricles: thicker membranes, pumping of the blood to the arteries, thicker walls, right side of the heart does more work left the ventricle of myocardium side of the heart is thicker than the right steroid= hormone what makes blood = hemoglobin composed of FE- iron bilirubin, yellowish pigment breakdown of RBC's amino acids - building blocks of proteins Page 392--- Summary box Macrophages engage in both phagocytosis and antigen presentation, a process necessary for B and T cell activation. Antibodies are called immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE); they engage antigens causing agglutination. Agglutination (curdling of the blood), in turn, facilitates phagocytosis and results in the death of the pathogen. The primary and secondary responses refer to the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells and memory cells in response to antigen stimulation. ***Chest cavity composed of 2 lungs right lung has 3 lobes left lung has 2 lobes*** **spleen- carries the most in the endocrine system - major producer of red blood cell **