Anatomy of the Cardiovascular system PPT (1).pptx

Anatomy of the cardiovascular system NU1303 – Sciences 1 NU1401 Foundations for paramedic practice Captioning Statement Video and audio content at the University uses closed captions generated by automatic speech recognition (ASR). The ASR process is based on machine learning algorithms which automa...

Anatomy of the cardiovascular system NU1303 – Sciences 1 NU1401 Foundations for paramedic practice Captioning Statement Video and audio content at the University uses closed captions generated by automatic speech recognition (ASR). The ASR process is based on machine learning algorithms which automatically transcribe voice to text. According to our technology providers this process is approximately 70-90% accurate depending on the quality of the audio, and consequently video and audio closed captions may include some transcription errors. It is therefore important to recognise that the original recording is the most accurate reflection of the content, and not the captions. If you require accurate captions as part of your reasonable adjustments, please contact the Inclusion Centre to discuss your requirements 26/04/24 2 This topic relates to: Learning outcome 1 and 2 Describe anatomy, physiology and homeostatic mechanisms of human development from conception to old age. Demonstrate knowledge of pathophysiological and psychopathological processes. Formative and summative assessment Any topic within this module could potentially have a question(s) in the exam paper Links within the module This topic links with all of the anatomical and physiological systems Links with other modules and stages Grounding for stage 2 science modules to help understand pathophysiological and psychopathological processes; link to nursing and paramedic modules in relation to understanding basic anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system which may then inform nursing/paramedic practice 26/04/24 3 Learning outcomes Have an understanding of the anatomy of the heart and vascular system Understand the pulmonary and systemic blood flow Understand the blood supply of the heart Understand cardiac muscle 26/04/24 4 Anatomy of the heart 26/04/24 5 Heart Chambers and Valves The heart contains 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers called atria, and 2 lower chambers called ventricles Atria receive blood returning to the heart; have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior The thick-muscled ventricles pump blood out of the heart A septum separates the atrium and ventricle on the right from those on the left Each side has an atrioventricular (AV) valve to ensure one-way flow of blood from atria to ventricle The right AV (tricuspid) valve and left AV (bicuspid or mitral) valve have cusps to which chordae tendineae attach Chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles in the inner wall of the heart; these muscles contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the backflow of blood through the AV valves 26/04/24 6 Valves 26/04/24 7 Blood Flow Through the Heart Blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle Two circuits, or subdivisions, for blood flow with respect to gas exchange: Pulmonary circuit: Blood flow between heart and lungs Systemic circuit: Blood flow between heart and body tissues 26/04/24 8 Blood Supply to the Heart Surface Blood Vessels of Heart/Anterior View 26/04/24 Surface Blood Vessels of Heart/Posterior View 9 Cardiac muscle https://images.app.goo.gl/ UkE6EXGep7isaKZG6 26/04/24 http://www.mrgscience.com/uploads/ 2/0/7/9/20796234/published/main-qimg103b6d5d86f00a42c6a7375a2ecb528a.png? 1506608035 10 Cardiac Muscle Cells Cardiac muscle cells work like skeletal muscle cells, except that cardiac muscle cells (fibers) are arranged in branching networks Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, which transmit action potentials to a network of cells A mass of merging cells that act as a unit is called a functional syncytium; one exists in the atria (atrial syncytium) and one in the ventricles (ventricular syncytium) The 2 syncytia are separated by the fibrous skeleton of the heart 26/04/24 11 Heart rate Age Normal range Average Newborn – 6 months 90-160 120 6-12 months 80-140 110 1-3yrs 80-120 100 3-6yrs 75-115 90 6-9yrs 70-110 90 9-11yrs 70-105 85 11-14yrs 65-100 80 Adult 60-100 70 26/04/24 12 Blood vessels The Walls of an Artery and a Vein 26/04/24 The Wall of a Small Arteriole 13 Characteristics of Blood Vessels 26/04/24 14 Exchange of Substances by the Capillaries A constant exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes occurs between capillaries and tissue fluid near the body cells, via diffusion, filtration, and osmosis Blood entering capillaries contains high concentrations of oxygen and nutrients, that diffuse from the capillaries into the tissues Plasma proteins remain in the blood due to their large size Carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes diffuse from the tissue fluid into the capillaries Direction of diffusion depends on concentration gradients Hydrostatic pressure from the pumping action of the heart generates force for the filtration of substances through the walls 26/04/24 of the capillaries 15 Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System HOLE’S ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Fourteenth Edition Charles J. 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