Anatomy of Flowering Plants PDF

Anatomy of Flowering Plants Introduction to Plant Anatomy Plants consist of various tissues organized into or… Overview of Plant Structure Study of internal structure is k...

Anatomy of Flowering Plants Introduction to Plant Anatomy Plants consist of various tissues organized into or… Overview of Plant Structure Study of internal structure is known as… Differences exist between monocots and dicots in terms of… The Tissues Tissues are groups of cells with a common origin and func… Definition of Tissues Classified into meristematic and permanent tissues based on cell division capa… Growth occurs in specialized regions called meris… Types include apical, intercalary, and lateral meris… Located at root and shoot tips, responsible for primary… Apical Meristems Contributes to elongation and formation of new or… Meristematic Tissues Found between mature tissues, particularly in… Intercalary Meris… Aid in regeneration after graz… Responsible for secondary growth, producing secondary tis… Lateral Meristems Examples include vascular cambium and cork cambi… Composed of mature cells that no longer divide. Divided into simple and complex tis… Made of one cell type; includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and scle… Functions in storage, photosynthesis, secretion. and Parenchyma Cells are thin-walled and can be isodiametric. Simple Tissues Provides support to growing parts; cells have thickened corners. Collenchyma Permanent Tissues Often found beneath the epidermis in di… Provides mechanical support; consists of thick- walled, dead cells. Sclerenchyma Includes fibers and sclereids, found in vari- plant ous parts. Composed of multiple cell types working together. Includes xylem and phloem, essential for trans… Conducts water and minerals; provides mechanical strength. Complex Tissues Xylem Composed of tracheids, vessels, fibers, and parenchyma. Transports food from leaves to other parts. Phloem Composed of sieve tube elements, compan- cells, ion and phloem fibers. The Tissue System Three main systems: epidermal, ground, and vascu… Forms the outer covering of the plant; includes epidermal cells and stom… Epidermal Tissue System Stomata regulate gas exchange and transpira… Types of Tissue Systems Comprises all tissues except epidermis and vascular bun… Ground Tissue System Includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and scle… Composed of xylem and phloem; forms vascular bun… Vascular Tissue System Vascular bundles can be open or closed, depending on the presence of cambi… Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants Features include epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular bun… Dicotyledonous Root Anatomy Vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem arranged in a specific pat… Similar to dicot roots but typically has more xylem bundles. Monocotyledonous Root Anatomy Pith is larger and more developed; lacks secondary… Epidermis covered with cuticle; cortex has three… Dicotyledonous Stem Anatomy Vascular bundles arranged in a ring; includes cambium for secondary… Scattered vascular bundles surrounded by a bundle… Monocotyledonous Stem Anatomy Lacks phloem parenchyma; features large parenchymatous ground tis… Composed of epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular sys… Dorsiventral Leaf Structure Mesophyll includes palisade and spongy parenchyma for photosynthe… Leaf Anatomy Stomata present on both surfaces; mesophyll is not differenti… Isobilateral Leaf Structure Bulliform cells help in water regula… Secondary Growth Involves increase in girth due to lateral meris… Overview of Secondary Growth Primarily occurs in dicotyledons and gymnosper… Responsible for producing secondary xylem and… Vascular Cambium Forms a cambial ring through intrafascicular and interfascicular cambi… Develops to replace outer layers as the plant grows. Cork Cambium Produces cork and secondary cortex, forming the perid… Heartwood is the inner, non-conducting part; provides sup… Heartwood and Sapwood Sapwood is the outer, conducting part; involved in water trans… Summary of Plant Anatomy Key Functions of Plant Tissues Tissues are essential for various functions including support, transport, and stor… Differences Between Monocots and Dicots Notable variations in internal structures and vascular arrange… Importance of Secondary Growth Allows for increased girth and structural support in woody plan…