Female Genital System Anatomy PDF

Anatomy Of The Female Genital System External Female Structures Collectively, the external female reproductive organs are called the Vulva. External Female Structures ❑ Mons Pubis. ❑ Labia Majora ❑ Labia Minora. ❑ Clitoris. ❑ Vestibule. ❑ Perineum THE VULVA ◆ 1. Mons Veneris ( pubis):...

Anatomy Of The Female Genital System External Female Structures Collectively, the external female reproductive organs are called the Vulva. External Female Structures ❑ Mons Pubis. ❑ Labia Majora ❑ Labia Minora. ❑ Clitoris. ❑ Vestibule. ❑ Perineum THE VULVA ◆ 1. Mons Veneris ( pubis): ◼ a pad of subcutaneous fatty tissue overlying the symphysis pubis that forms the anterior border of the external reproductive organs. ◼ It covered by skin & hairs. ◆ 2. Clitoris: ◼ an erectile cavernous structure below the symphysis pubis. ◼ formed of a small glands ◼ Its rich vascularity, highly sensitive to temperature, touch, and pressure sensation.  THE VULVA ◆ 3. Labia Majora: ◼ the outer 2 skin folds, raised by underlying fat, and passing back from the mons veneris to the perineum. ◼ The outer skin is covered by hairs while the inner medial surface is smooth, hairless and contains sebaceous and sweat glands. ◆ 4. Labia Minora: ◼ 2 thin folds of modified skin situated medial to the labia majora. ◼ The inner surfaces are similar to vaginal mucosa, pink and moist ◼ Rich in vascularity THE VULVA ◆ 5. The Hymen: ◼ a membrane, situated about 2 cm from the vestibule that demarcates the external from the internal genital organs, and partially closes the vaginal orifice. Types of hymen Bi-perforate Virgin imperforate Deflorated Cribriform THE VULVA ◆ 6. Bartholin Glands: (Greater Vestibular Glands): ◼ Two small glands ◼ secrete mucus during sexual excitement ◼ situated deep in the labia majora ◼ Its duct is 2 cm long and opens between the hymen and the labium minus. ◆ 7.◼Vestibule: ◼ the area between the inner aspects of ◼ the labia minora and the fourchette. ◼ Structures that open in the vestibule are:  Urethral meatus  The Bartholin glands ducts.  3. The vagina introitus.  The Perineum Is the most posterior part of the external female reproductive organs. It extends from fourchette anteriorly to the anus posteriorly. Composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures. Internal Female Structures Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries THE VAGINA It is an elastic fibro-muscular tube and membranous tissue about 8 to 10 cm long. Lying between the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly. The vaginal lining has multiple folds, or rugae and muscle layer. These folds allow the vagina to stretch considerably during childbirth. The reaction of the vagina is acidic, the pH is 4.5 that protects the vagina against infection. Functions of the vagina Allow discharge of the menstrual flow. Female organs of coitus. Allow passage of the fetus from the uterus. THE UTERUS ◆ A pear shaped hollow muscular organ. Measuring around 7.5 x 5.0 x 2.5 cm ◆ Its weight about 50 – 60 gm. ◆ Its normal position is anteverted (rotated forward and slightly antiflexed (flexed forward) ◆ A uterus can grow up to 6 times its normal size during pregnancy. Divisions of uterus( 3 divisions) 1. The corpus uteri: ◆ Length about 5 cm. ◆ Body that lies above the internal os ◆ Cornu = the area of insertion of the fallopian tubes ◆ Fundus lies above the insertion of the tubes.  Divisions 2. The isthmus: ❑ It Is between the corpus of the uterus and cervix. ❑ an area 4-5 mm in length that lies between the anatomical internal os above, and the histological internal os below. ❑ The isthmus expands during pregnancy forming the lower uterine segment (10 cm) during the last trimester. Divisions 3. The cervix: ◆ The lowermost position of the uterus “neck ◆ Measuring 2.5-3.0 cm. ◆ The upper part of the cervix is marked by internal os and the lower cervix is marked by the external os. ◆ The cervical canal is the cavity that communicates above with the uterine cavity at the internal os and below with the vagina at the external os. ◆ It connects the uterus to the vagina and allows sperm to enter the uterus and travels up to the fallopian tube. ◆ The external os is round in nulliparas and slit shaped in multiparas. Histology of the Uterus ◆ Three layers: ◼ 1. Endometrium: (mucosa) ◼ 2. Myometrium (musculosa) ◼ 3. The peritoneal covering or perimetrium Histology of the Uterus Endometrium: ◆ Is the inner layer of the uterus. ◆ It is responsive to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during the female reproductive cycle every month. The three layers of the endometrium are: - Compact layer - The basal layer - The functional or Sponge layer: this layer is shed during each menstrual period and after child birth in the lochia Histology of the Uterus Myometrium ◆ Is the middle layer of thick muscle. ◆ Most of the muscle fibers are concentrated in the upper uterus, and their number diminishes progressively toward the cervix. ◆ The myometrium contains three types of smooth muscle fiber ◆ The myometrium contains three types of smooth muscle fiber Longitudinal fibers (outer layer) Which are found mostly in the fundus and are designed to expel the fetus efficiently toward the pelvic outlet during birth. 2- Middle layer figure-8 fibers These fiber contract after birth to compress the blood vessels that pass between them to limit blood loss. 3- Inner layer circular fibers Which form constrictions where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus and surround the internal os Circular fibers prevent reflux of menstrual blood and tissue into the fallopian tubes. Promote normal implantation of the fertilized ovum by controlling its entry into the uterus. And retain the fetus until the appropriate time of birth. Histology of the Uterus Perimetrium: ◆ Is the outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus. ◆ Laterally, the perimetrium is continuous with the broad ligaments on either side of the uterus The Function of the uterus Menstruation --- the uterus sloughs off the endometrium. Pregnancy --- the uterus support fetus and allows the fetus to grow. Labor and birth --- the uterine muscles contract and the cervix dilates during labor to expel the fetus THE FALLOPIAN TUBE ◆ The two tortuous tubes extended from the cornu of the uterus to the ovary. ◆ It runs in the upper free border of the broad ligament. ◆ Length 8 to 14 cm average 10 cm ◆ Its divided into 4 parts..  THE FALLOPIAN TUBE ◆ 4 parts 1. Interstitial part : ✓ Which runs into uterine cavity, passes through the myometrium between the fundus and body of the uterus. ✓ About 1-2cm in length. ◼ 2. Isthmus (2 cm): straight, narrow, thick walled portion lateral to uterus. ◼ 3. Ampulla (5 cm): the widest, tortuous, thin walled outer part. ◼ Fertilization occurs in the ampulla. ◼ 4. Infundibulum (2 cm): ◼ it is funnel or trumpet shaped outer end opens into the peritoneal cavity by the tubal ostium. ◼ The ostuim is surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is long and directed towards the ovary (fimbria ovarica). Tubal functions ◆ Ovum Pick Up, at the time of ovulation, by their free fimbrial end, ◆ Transport Of The Ova through the tubal lumen, by their peristaltic and ciliary movements, and ◆ Production Of Secretions necessary for capacitation of the sperm and nutrition of the ova during their journey, by their lining cells. THE OVARY ◆ Oval solid structure, 1.5 cm in thickness, 2.5 cm in width and 3.5 cm in length respectively. ◆ Each weights about 4– 8 gm. ◆ Ovary is located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes ◆ Not covered by peritoneum. Histology of the Ovary The ovary is subdivided into;, Medulla, Cortex and Hilum. ◆ The Medulla: The central core of the ovary surrounded by the cortex and continuous with the hilum. It is formed of connective tissue. ◆ The Cortex: The outer active part of the ovary that produces hormones and oocytes. ◆ The Hilum: Is the site of attachment of the mesovarium that carries blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics entering and leaving the ovary. Histology of the Ovary Function of the ovary Secrete estrogen & progesterone. Production of ova UTERINE AND CERVICAL LIGAMENTS ◆ Broad ligament ◆ Round ligament ◆ Ovarian ligament  Support structures The bony pelvis support and protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs. Muscle, Joints and ligaments provide added support for internal organs of the pelvis against the downward force of gravity and the increases in intra-abdominal pressure.