Biology 1040 Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 Notes PDF

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↑ CO2 & Temp fully saturated all : S le + g00f 02 ↓ (tsa+ ) I. of Abt A t = right when do ay hemoglobin Exercilihmogonse them Y ↑= left (Sat) bind more 02 have O bound to - -- 100 % them - a Hb m 02 saturation Ab has Or 2 facie How much ↑ CO2 = OH aroot S se Ab ↓ less saturated litting go of more Ma 100 O I mmAge X free Oe Biology 1040, Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 eDr. Yoojin Choi, Spring partas've to Hb O2 bind 2025 02 fully saturated with available excercising more > hemoglobin eone Hb = O2 bound to all - or drop off cares not "nogit') RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - additional appiro laive more oxygen so tiss ves can have Oe Partial pressure Oc E 3 - available oxygen in plasma ↳Hemoglobineed not bound to hemoglobin VIII. Respiratory Adjustments A. hyperpnea (adjustment) vs. hyperventilation (abnormal) Anatural response Hyperpnea ↑ breathing Hyperventilation exercise Not on to exercise exercise - e Increased ventilation in response Pathological increase in ventilation; exam Definition to increased O2and need to inhale not triggered by O2 need or CO2 need or = - to exhale co2 Rate Unchanged (can be in creared increased Depth Increased depth Decreased (shallow Maintained during but decreases after Blood O2 Maintained - - hyperventilation Blood CO2 Maintained - recreased pH Maintained Increased (Alkalosis) Hyperphed B. During Exercise viale M · 1. increases in ventilation to meet metabolic needs of body pres vailabil pa a. according to need of body M 1) can increase air flow up to 10-20x resting levels ↑ depthng 02 , ↳ 2) O2 and CO2 blood levels relatively constant NOT rate volume : b. increase depth, not rate Residual 1) larger breath can't let all air out ] Awaratys 2) active expiration - use both inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes c. stimulated by 1) feedforward control 2) coordination of motor cortex and respiratory center 3) proprioceptor feedback from muscles , tendons , joints ongoing movement 2. post-exercise recovery a. oxygen-debt in muscles ↑ ventilation after exercise CO , made everywhere change -> carbonic acid b. NOT oxygen debt in blood C. = At High Altitude edept in muscles myoglobi to - 1. ventilation M a. initially a large increase why ? a 1) dramatically decreased level of O2 stimulates respiratory centers so in pons and meauya on 2) at low O2 levels, chemoreceptors more sensitive to increases in CO2 b. long-term adjusted ventilation can be as high as 40% higher than at sea level 2. blood CO2 and pH a. initially dramatically altered - - - low 2 ↑ Vent >y CO2 1) CO2 decreases due to hyperventilation - · 2) pH increases due to decreased CO2 b. long-term adjustments - 1) CO2 slightly lower than at sea level 2) pH normal 3. blood O2 a. lower saturation - e.g. at 19,000 feet above sea level (extreme altitude), only 67% hemoglobin saturation b. oxygen needs met 4. ↑ hematocrit ↑ a. kidneys release erythropoietin b. more RBC produced IX. Carbon Dioxide Transport and Respiration figure 22.22 A. ~ Transportation in blood 1. dissolved in plasma - - Coinbasea a. CO2 E higher levels of CO2 than O2 dissolved in plasma re s e a r 2. bound to hemoglobin Bind 02 - a. binds to amino groups in the globin proteins of hemoglobin not - home group - b. binding of carbon dioxide reduces affinity to oxygen CO2 ~Oz - - - 3. converted to bicarbonate enzyme in RBCs ↓ > - CO2 + H2O ßà H2CO3 ßà H + HCO3 + - a. CO2 carbon dioxide + H - 0His Ho bicarbonate  Bicarbonate - conversion to from b. carbonic anhydrase CA 1) enzyme found in erythrocytes 2) can form or break down carbonic acid with CO2 & H2O ↑ H VPh = > - maximize 002 pickup - > rxn driver tow and bicarbonate s st Internal Figure 1. Chloride shift in systemic capillaries. Amerman 1 , fig 21.25 If CO2 Stay as gas in capillaries will I product External -> release coe st Figure 2. Chloride shift in pulmonsty capillaries. Amerman 1 , fig 21.25 body pulmonary , be blocked carbonic - > in CO2 - > acid ↳ capillaries 2 toward rxn driven B. Internal respiration: picking up of carbon dioxide in tissue 002 production off Maximize Co2 drop 1. CO2 moves from tissue into plasma into erythrocyte C1-leaves ↳ H203' enter + 2. High levels of CO2 drive the reaction toward production of bicarbonate a. conversion of CO2 allows further diffusion of CO2 from the tissue change leaves so electricate but as HCO3O levels build up, reaction would slow down - b. - - > bicarbonate 3. Chloride shift a. chloride moves into RBC, bicarbonate moves out - b. allows continued uptake of CO2 release anion C. External respiration: release of carbon dioxide in lungs cation Inter 1. Dissolved CO2 moves from erythrocyte into plasma into alveoli ↑ -> ↓ partial 2. Low levels of CO2 drive the reaction toward production of more CO2 pressure into alveoli a. allows more CO2 to be dropped off at lungs - b. but as HCO3 levels decrease, reaction would slow down 3. Chloride shift a. chloride moves out of RBC, bicarbonate moves in b. allows continued production of CO2 D. Chloride shift 1. Chloride as the most abundant anion helps balance electrical gradient  + a. H can bind to hemoglobin - - 2. exchange of Cl for HCO3 across cell membrane a. at lungs, allows greater drop-off of CO2 b. at tissue, allows greater pick-up of CO2 X. Respiratory System Pathologies A. hyperventilation and hypoventilation B. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) 1. common features a. history of smoking b. dyspnea: labored breathing, shortness of breath c. coughing; vulnerability to infection d. respiratory failure 2. Emphysema (review) 3. Chronic Bronchitis a. excessive mucus b. cause c. results B. Tuberculosis 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. calcified nodules (tubercles) 3. active disease 4. treatment C. Asthma (review)  1 Biology 1040, Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 Dr. Yoojin Choi, Spring 2025 Respiratory system plus URINARY SYSTEM: Urine Production; Fluid, pH and ion regulation osmolarity - water movement Figure 1. hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic solutions. Marieb 5th, fig 3.8 I. Urinary System Function: Fluid Regulation A. Water Regulation 1. using Osmotic Pressures (review) 2. using Hormones (review) a. anti-diuretic hormone b. aldosterone B. Ion Concentrations eff low in cytoplas on sodium : high , Potassium opposite: chloride : same ~ alcium even lower in cytoplasm. Kidneys get rid of extra Nat C. Blood Volume water follow ions kidney maintain blood pressure volume of ion in blood vs invrine D. pH Regulation CO2 + HeO > HeCOs -H + + HCOg- 1. regulation of bicarbonate and hydrogen levels a. kidneys can secrete or reabsorb H+ and HOO- - - => - b. kidneys can secrete or reabsorb bicarbonate - 2. short-term regulation - - by lungs and= long-term regulation by kidneys E. Metabolic Waste Products 1. Ammonia (NH3) a. Oxidation byproduct of organic nitrogenous compounds b. highly toxic Ammonia 2. converted into urea by liver Ericacid  Renal vein : out out circulation Kidney Renal Artery into : Renal Artery Kidney Anterious reference glomerulus, Arteriole co + of = Afferent first capillary bed glomerulos 2 = efferent arteriole (note not a venule) , second capillary bea peritubular capillaries = venules II. Urinary System Anatomy Renal nein A. Overview figures 25.7, 25.8 navity T 1. Kidneys a. retroperitoneal -teabehind peritoneum uncovered , - b. protected by lower ribcage c. produce urine vrine to bladder 2. Ureter > - carries crive holds 3. Urinary bladder > - Figure 2. Posterior view of kidneys, Renatevenaa showing the partial protection from a Tube through win a a 4. Urethra > - the rib cage. Marieb 5th, fig 24.2 ↑ renal pelvis & 80 & O- Papilla O O fig 25.8 B. Kidneys figure 25.8 1. Gross Anatomy a. Renal Hilum b. Renal Cortex c. Renal Medulla 1) middle layer of the kidney 2) renal pyramids urine a) darker color - come shaped mass that help process concentrate b) project into pelvis as renal papilla - 3) renal columns a) found between the renal pyramids - d. Renal Pelvis 1) center cavity  funcea mainn rel 3 2) Major calyces (sing., calyx) a) 2-3 large funnels b) composed of minor calyces c) collect urine into renal pelvis 3. Renal Circulation Blood enter glomerulus arteriole and leaves arteriors then into through vasa necta afferent through efferent capillary ⑭ figures 25.9, 25.10 rid Waste constant filter blood > diameter a. Renal artery - > short, large into Kidneys - - > blood at pressure bring from body go to Kidneys - > 20 % of PlOOd (A LOT) b. Afferent arteriole ! capillaries in the Kidneys c. Glomerulus u unfomercra retabration / t · / 1) specialized capillary beds · ALL go the ne peritubular capillaries - Blood into ↳ branch off by afferent 2) very, very leaky offerent arterioles asa a Blood out efficient 3) site of blood filtration d. Efferent arteriole e. Peritubular capillaries 1) Vasa recta straight blood vessels - 2) reabsorb and return particles and fluids to the blood e. Renal vein C. Functional Unit: NEPHRON 1. Importance a. kidney functions are nephron functions b. filtration, then exchange between blood and filtrate filtration -closer to beginning 9. convoluted c. each kidney contains 1.3 million nephrons Modulation reabsorbto 2. Nephron Structure ② Q O oneway Good figure 25.10 ↓ O glomerular a. Bowman’s Capsule (glomerular capsule) capsuly figure 25.11 Nee - 1) beginning of nephron 2) surrounds glomerulus 3) site of blood (plasma) filtration Nephron loop CropotHenn Figure 3. Nephron anatomy. ↑ con,a Silverthorn 7th, fig 19.1 b. Proximal Tubule (proximal convoluted tubule) 1) major site of reabsorption of lots of Stuff c. Nephron Loop 1) hair pin loop a) descending limb b) ascending limb 2) function: sets up concentration gradient in kidney  4 d. Distal Tubule (distal convoluted tubule) Meet glomerius e. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus for Kidney - > cells produce blood pressure figure 25.13 renin negulation 1) junction of a) Bowman’s capsule b) distal tubule c) afferent arteriole 2) juxtaglomerular cells a) located in wall of afferent arteriole b) mechanoreceptors sense how Kidney c) release renin much Becomingthebody is doing > - Kickstart 3) macula densa protein a) located in wall of distal tubule b) chemoreceptors / osmoreceptors Figure 4. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Marieb 4th, fig 24.8 corpuscie-gotApply Pendi - - I & knoa demo a Y distaltubule wall f. Collecting Duct 1) collects urine from several nephrons 2) where urine gets concentrated, to avoid water loss from body 3) empties into renal pelvis  5 3. Relationship Between Nephron and Kidney Structure Bowman's capsule Proxima Trbuse a. Renal Cortex > Distal Tubule Beginning of collecting duct Nephron Loop b. Renal Medulla > - ↳ Mostane short and do not div ↳much into medva ,ength of is etin c. Renal Pelvis longer nephron loop = - > o ↓gestlake conserve through - more water you can medulla ↳ contains of /Pron ends several collecting m ducts , bringing Urine into Minor - rest evis then go through reter Ior tructure on STUDY Figure 5. Nephrons and kidney regions. Gray's Anatomy, 39th, fig.91.15 +q ratmadebyglomereal Toront fiterallogurine A lot of blood the kidneys goes through Reabsorbed proximal Tubulf by III. Urine Production: Filtration you don't urinate all that · you filtered - - plasma A. Plasma movement from glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule it is movement from Eastatic & glomeruluscapillaryarB. Volumes ,hydrostat capsule 1. blood flow through kidneys (glomeruli) Nut 1500 L blood/day filtration occur at capillaries , then E ALL make or reabsorb lymph 2. filtration rate send down Nephron 180 L/day 3. urine production rate Only 1.2 - 1.8 L urine produced each day C. Anatomic contributions to filtration = - 1. Structures that increase hydrostatic pressure > - => a. Renal artery is short; large diameter => figure 20.28 Afferent Arteriole Bigger than efferent Arteriore b. Afferent arteriole has larger diameter than efferent arteriole - => - hydrostationrecture - figure 25.13 ↑ in glomerun 2. Leaky, fenestrated capillaries (review) => filtrate blood plasma-proteins = table 20.5 giomervi Leaky fenestrated capillaries a. pores within endothelial wall - - - large enough for EXCEPT proteins and cells 1) increased permeability to substances tiltrate = plasma minus proteins 2) found in a) kidneys—for blood filtration b) endocrine glands—for hormone secretion Figure 6. Fenestrated capillary. Marieb 4th, fig 18.3 c) intestine—for nutrient absorption b. liquid forced / filtered through “sieve”  6 - D. Composition of Filtrate 1. filtrate almost identical to plasma - I 2. blood cells and proteins stay behind N 1 efferent > 3. water and small molecules pass through afferent > > E. Glomerular Filtration Rate- (GFR) figure 25.16 j V V => 1. Total rate of filtration at all glomeruli min) instant more filtrate if blood pressure How does the kidney prevent greater GfR 2. Kept fairly constant under variety of normal circumstances hydrostatic constrict > pressure efferent dilate ↑GfR & constrict 3. Fluctuations in systemic blood pressure balanced by vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole to afferent - a. increased systemic blood pressure = 1) initial (uncorrected) effect on GFR: increased (can be dangerous) 2) response of afferent arteriole: 3) simultaneous response of efferent arteriole: filtrate : Plasma- 4) result: maintain GFR, minimizing increase in GFR big proteins b. decreased systemic blood pressure opposite happens =>> at same time 1) initial (uncorrected) effect on GFR: 2) response of afferent arteriole: 3) simultaneous response of efferent arteriole: - 4) result: 4. In extreme circumstances, GFR can fall - - - ABNORMAL a. Shock > - Anaphylacor Peorrhagic > Internal vasodilation - Breeding - > VBP in Kidneys b. Dehydration ↓ GER IV. Urine Production: Filtrate Modification Hyperocmotic - filtrate tonic ~ modify in nehal corpus le made Gridt osmotic : A. Osmosis and Tonicity (review) important space figures 3.7, 3.8 For modification Figure 7. hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic solutions. Marieb 5th, fig 3.8 of solute concentrationneten tion 1. Osmotic Pressures and water ↳ fivid from one space Active transport a. Hyperosmotic to another · of rodium osmotic one serve b. Hypoosmotic c. Isosmotic 2. Tonicity > - concern of cell of well fividinor out a. Hypertonic b. Hypotonic c. Isotonic Figure 8. Effect on cells of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. Amerman 1st, fig 3.9  7 B. Processes purpose : volume of wine figure 25.17 tubule (Proxdisttubule) Active TRANSPORT reduce total concentrate Urine in 1. Tubular reabsorption by dissolving water Bind flip - Back into blood a. Returning substances from filtrate (inside nephron) back to blood &↓ over passive : no ATP > Active YTS ATP : b. Active transport - 1) uses membrane proteins (transporter proteins called pumps) - 2) can become saturated, limiting capacity for reabsorption - 2. Tubular secretion from blood to filtrate - a) additional movement of substances from blood to filtrate b) usually metabolic waste products Figure 9. Processes used in urine modification. Marieb 5th, fig 24.9 3. Concentration / Volume Reduction edure meentration viw - volume reduction pens in all regions n of the rephiron & Glucose transporters get saturated if too - -concentrating crine much glucose , like of untreated diabetes mellitus · ccurs in collect duct C. Filtrate modification in Proximal Tubule => figures 25.18, 25.19 1. Glomerular filtrate originally isosmotic with blood plasma 2. Reabsorption a. Sodium ions ↳ water / b. Nutrients (e.g., glucose and amino acids) - - 3. Secretion a. hydrogen ions - 4. Concentration/Volume Reduction > a. reduction of volume - 1) 65% of ions of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed 2) corresponding percentage of water is reabsorbed by osmosis b. filtrate remains isosmotic with blood plasma, but its volume is reduced 4)08 mumm => Proximal in 6100d Msize filtration of things Big things stay filtration , : arring need back mabsouptno take what secretion : · pick out blood  8 Figure 10. The counter-current mechanism in the loop of Henle. Silverthorn 1st, fig 24.21 Deposit Na into intersticial fivid D. Filtrate modification in Nephron Loop salty filtrate to ascending 1. Counter-Current Multiplier Mechanism figure 25.20 a. Uses fluid flowing in parallel tubes in opposite directions to concentrate the filtrate b. Set-up (anatomy: descending first. physiology: ascending limb first) to water 1) ascending limb > impyrmeable active sodium transport - a) Na+ active transport from ascending limb filtrate into interstitial fluid b) ascending limb wall is impermeable to water  interstitial fluid around nephron loop becomes hyperosmotic figure 24.15 2) descending limb permeable to water doesn't transportions - > a) no Na+ pump b) highly permeable to water  water enters interstitial fluid due to osmotic pressure, is then carried away fluid is intersticial fluid c. Mechanism Nephron interstitial Na + in the salty Place 1) Isosmotic filtrate enters descending limb Na += 2a) Water moves out of descending limb by osmosis concentration gradient filtrate more Natas water leaves 3) Interstitial fluid enters vasa recta and leaves kidney 2b) Filtrate becomes hyperosmotic as it moves down descending limb 3) Hyperosmotic filtrate enters ascending limb 4a) Na+ actively pumped out of ascending limb 5) Interstitial fluid becomes hyperosmotic (for use in step 2) mu water does not 4b) Filtrate becomes hypoosmotic as it moves up the ascending limb dilute sodium in intersticial fivid it up 2. Vasa Recta b/c vasa necta picks a. descends by ascending limb, taking hyperosmotic fluid deeper into the kidney b. ascends by descending limb, taking hypoosmotic fluid away from kidney  9 3. Concentration/Volume Reduction a. reduction of volume 1) additional fluid absorbed 2) about 15% of original filtrate volume b. filtrate remains approx. isosmotic (can get slightly hypoosmotic) with blood plasma, but the important thing is: an interstitial fluid gradient is created 4. Temporary Concentration of Filtrate figure 24.22 a. highly concentrated at base of loop b. tubular fluid at top of ascending limb hypoosmotic to initial filtrate modulated proximal & Nephron always E. Filtrate modification in Distal Tubule 1. Reabsorption a. Na+ active transport (variable) b. water osmotically follows sodium (variable) c. H+ (variable) d. HCO3- (variable) 2. Secretion a. K+ exchanged with sodium (variable) b. H+ (variable) c. HCO3- (variable) Figure 11. Water reabsorption and permanent urine concentration in the collecting duct. 3. Concentration/Volume Reduction a. minor volume reduction b. concentration change varies, composition change varies F. Filtrate modification in Collecting Duct 1. Reabsorption / Secretion a. no Na+ pump 2. Concentration / Volume Reduction a. variable permeability to water --will discuss later b. collecting duct passes through concentration gradient established by ascending limb 1) water moves from collecting duct into tissue, then into blood 2) urine can be hyperosmotic compared to body tissues c. additional reabsorption is possible here  10 V. Urine Collection A. Kidney 1. collecting duct 2. renal pelvis B. Ureter 1. peristaltic contractions 2. autonomic influence C. Bladder Internal figure 25.4 what makes you need to pee ? Urinary D. Micturition reflex whenever peeing e 1. Elimination of urine from bladder via the urethra 2. Involuntary portion (reflex) a. Stretch Receptors controlled b. Afferent nerve c. Interneurons Figure 12. Micturition reflex. Seeley, fig 26.20 d. Efferent nerve e. Regulation by higher brain centers 3. Voluntary portion VI. Hormones and Urine Formation vasopressin A. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 1. Source (review): 2. Stimuli for release Dehydrated important a. High osmolarity in blood/CSF M ost trigger for ADH 1) detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus 2) hypertonic conditions ADH-backup dehydration b. Low blood pressure so problem is fixed 1) indicates low blood volume 2) detected by baroreceptors a) not as sensitive as osmoreceptors b) located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch 3) extremely low pressure increases ADH secretion 3. Actions a. Increases water permeability in collecting duct cells 1) insertion of aquaporins 2) water moves osmotically out of collecting duct (filtrate) into tissue (blood) b. Increases water permeability in distal tubule c. Final result: water reabsorption increased, urine is now concentrated more watergoback urine produced : pressure + * H20 ↑ small volume high concentration  i ubular Reabsorption of water collecting Ducts - ADH Agratorius 11 4. Effect of Ethanol vrine produced a. Diuretic => largevolume b. inhibits ADH concentration - low - 5. Diabetes Insipidus a. ADH insufficiency or ineffectiveness b. large volumes of very dilute urine 4/1 minin if BP ↓ Juxtaglomerular B. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis releases renin ↓ 1. Stimuli: low blood pressure and low Na+ concentration Baro receptors + 00 at end of afferent arteriole a Macula penslls - juxtaglomerular cella littleea a. juxtaglomerular cells detect decreased blood pressure low Blood pressure -gerus - Hold glomerulus together osmoneceptors b. macula densa detects low Na+ concentration  stimulates juxtaglomerular cells (inapparatusStells 2. juxtaglomerular cells release renin ↳ Na + ↓ sense that active inactive > - Stimulus low = low osmolarity BP or 3. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 7 => Response Sept a. angiotensinogen produced by liver Ecirculate in Se = juxta glomerular cells release nenin = b. plasma protein - ↑ renin I 3. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Sangiotensin Aft 2 angiotensin I to angiotensin II STRONG 4. Actions of angiotensin II located in the capillaries is priman , - a. increases thirst and salt appetite increases #R b. stimulates ADH secretion · c. - stimulates aldosterone secretion J ↑ systemic vasoconstriction 5. Aldosterone > - Fells distal tubules + of bloodvessels to reabsorb Na Hormone a. Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex > - long term - negulation b. Actions Figure 13.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Represent Ereabsorption at the distal tubule 1) increases Na+ ation-of-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone- 2) water follows by osmosis ↑ Na + reabsorption System-RAAS-Regulation-mechanism- at distal tubule of_fig2_357836725 c. Results in reduced urine volume Ranin I STRONG & Atria of heart Angiotensinogen > - Angiotensin Angiotensin - I > - heart releaving C. O NatriureticO Atrial O Peptide > - More saltinurine CE 1. Released by cells of right atrium when stretched nin > - 2. Actions · (ine a. inhibits ADH secretion practin. = ↑ BP b. decreases Na+ reabsorption at the distal tubule =>vring urine c. dilates arteries and veins t may ormay c - - = · no => D. Effect of Caffeine > - block aldoster one Make signaling 1. Diuretic > - vrine > - urine production a flow · Large volume 2. inhibits aldosterone May or may not change concentration  12 VII. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Concentration response to Hypertonic conditions response to Hypotonic conditions Detected by osmoreceptors Detected by osmoreceptors more water to blood Hormones in the kidney + Hormones reabsorption reabsorption ADH: ↑ water - ADH: ↓ water + Na reabsorption allowing reabsorption Aldosterone: ↑ water to + Oll o n Aldosterone: ↓ sodium Target of hormones: Target of hormones: blood less in water to in urine Water: ↑ aquaporin , more , Water: keepwater vrine keeptodiumin urine ener blood in Kidney's Sodium: Na ↑ reabsorptionto follow + Sodium: causing water into blood Result: Result: - - Small volume of highly concentrated urine /Mean a Artel, Large volume ofO = dilute urine - VIII. Blood Pressure Regulation (MAP) and Regulation of Blood Volume A. Involves interactions between cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous and urinary systems - B. short-term: Reflex arcs in the cardiovascular system (review) 1. Carotid sinus reflex - a. Goal: maintain blood pressure to brain - - - - = dilate arteries b. Baroreceptors MAP1 = MAPV = constrict arteries c. mechanism during increased blood pressure to brain d. mechanism during decreased blood pressure to brain 2. Aortic reflex - a. Goal: maintain blood pressure to body MAP1 = dilate arteries b. Baroreceptors MAPV = constrict arteries c. mechanism during increased blood pressure to body Y d. mechanism during decreased blood pressure to body C. long-term: Hormones affecting the urinary system sympathetics more blood to keletal muscres ↑ BP 1. Epinephrine (review) a. released in response to lower MAP or00 to stress - - b. source Adrenal Mearila ressels a constrict blood c. target Hr faster d. result * BP ↑ BP 2. Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH; vasopressin) a. released when osmolarity is low or MAP is extremely low 000 b. source posterior pituitary c. collecting arct target: _________________ in the kidneys 000 channel d. result > - water  13 -longterm en ↳ 3. Aldosterone ↑ BP a. released when0 MAP is low cortex b. source: adrenal ___________ c. distaltubulein the kidneys target: _________________ + water ↑ reabroration of Na > d. result - > follows - 4. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) O ↓ BP a. released in response to stretch of right atrium or high preload - b. source: right atrium of the heart c. target stal tubule in the Kidneys reabsorption so water d result + > - ↓ Na won't follow into blood - onedirection Regulation of ECF (blood) Volume -birorostasiswe Stimulus response to Increased Blood Volume + 00 * response to Decreased Blood Volume ↓ frequency Detected by baroreceptors Detected by baroreceptors Hormones Hormones ADH: ↓ decrease ADH: ↑ Aldosterone: ↓ decrease Aldosterone:↑ DOT ANP: ↑ increase ANP: ↓ to Target of hormones: Target of hormones: Water: urinate more H20 Water: H20 netention (HeoN) (Nat) water