Anatomy & Physiology, Eighth Edition PDF

 CONFIRMING PAGES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ROD R...

 CONFIRMING PAGES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ROD R. SEELEY IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY TRENT D. STEPHENS IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY PHILIP TATE PHOENIX COLLEGE CONTRIBUTIONS BY: Shylaja R. Akkaraju Bronx Community College Christine M. Eckel Salt Lake Community College Jennifer L. Regan University of Southern Mississippi Andrew F. Russo University of Iowa Cinnamon L. VanPutte Southwestern Illinois College Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd i 1/5/07 1:53:15 AM  CONFIRMING PAGES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8 7 ISBN 978–0–07–296557–5 MHID 0–07–296557–6 Publisher: Michelle Watnick Senior Sponsoring Editor: James F. Connely Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts Senior Developmental Editor: Kathleen R. Loewenberg Marketing Manager: Lynn M. Breithaupt Lead Project Manager: Mary E. Powers Senior Production Supervisor: Laura Fuller Senior Media Project Manager: Tammy Juran Lead Media Producer: John J. Theobald Designer: Rick D. Noel Cover Designer: Terry Julien Interior Designer: Elise Lansdon Cover Illustration: Scott Holladay Senior Photo Research Coordinator: John C. Leland Photo Research: Jerry Marshall Compositor: Techbooks Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor World Dubuque, IA The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seeley, Rod R. Anatomy & physiology / Rod R. Seeley, Philip Tate, Trent D. Stephens. – 8th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–07–296557–5 — ISBN 0–07–296557–6 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human anatomy. I. Tate, Philip. II. Stephens, Trent D. III. Title. IV. Title: Anatomy and physiology. QP34.5.S4 2008 612--dc22 2006102703 www.mhhe.com see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd ii 1/5/07 2:05:52 AM  CONFIRMING PAGES DEDICATION T his text is dedicated to the students of human anatomy and physiology. Helping students develop a working knowledge of anatomy and physiology is a satisfying challenge, and we have a great appreciation for the effort and enthusi- asm of so many who want to know more. It is difficult to imagine anything more exciting, or more important, than being involved in the process of helping people learn about the subject we love. see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd iii 12/27/06 1:56:27 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES ABOUT THE AUTHORS Rod Seeley, Trent Stephens, and Phil Tate in Dubuque, Ia, where they met to discuss the plan for the eighth edition. The bluffs of the Mississippi River can be seen in the background retreat to collaborate on their textbooks. The Grand Tetons are pictured in the background. ROD R. SEELEY Special Contributions By: Professor of Physiology at Idaho State University Shylaja R. Akkaraju Rod has extensive experience teaching introductory biology, Bronx Community College anatomy and physiology, pathobiology, endocrinology, and more advanced physiology courses. He has won numerous teaching awards and is actively involved in the supervision of doctoral students in biological education. With a B.S. in zoology from Idaho State University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in zoology from Utah State University, Rod has built a solid reputation as an author of journal Christine M. Eckel and other professionally related articles, as well as a public lecturer. Salt Lake Community College TRENT D. STEPHENS Professor of Anatomy and Embryology at Idaho State University An award-winning educator and researcher, Trent Stephens teaches human anatomy, human head and neck anatomy, and Jennifer L. Regan human embryology. He also has many years of experience teaching University of Southern Mississippi neurobiology. His skill as a biological illustrator has greatly influenced the illustrations in this textbook. He has a B.S. in microbiology and a B.S. in zoology, as well as an M.S. in zoology from Brigham Young University. His Ph.D. in anatomy is from the University of Pennsylvania. Trent is actively involved in research on limb development and birth defects caused by thalidomide. He has Andrew F. Russo authored numerous papers in these fields. University of Iowa PHILIP TATE Instructor of Anatomy and Physiology at Phoenix College Phil Tate earned a B.S. in zoology, a B.S. in mathematics, and an M.S. in ecology at San Diego State University and a Doctor of Arts (D.A.) Cinnamon L. VanPutte in biological education from Idaho State University. He is an award- South western Illnois College winning instructor who has taught a wide spectrum of students at the four-year and community college levels. Phil has served as the annual conference coordinator, president-elect, president, and past president of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). iv see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd iv 12/27/06 1:56:28 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES BRIEF CONTENTS PART 1 PART 4 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY REGULATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 1 The Human Organism 1 19 Cardiovascular System: Blood 650 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 23 20 Cardiovascular System: The Heart 678 3 Cell Biology and Genetics 55 21 Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation and Regulation 721 4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 109 22 Lymphatic System and Immunity 782 23 Respiratory System 825 PART 2 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 24 Digestive System 873 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature 5 Integumentary System 149 Regulation 927 6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue 173 26 Urinary System 961 7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy 203 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance 1004 8 Articulations and Movement 252 9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology 278 PART 5 10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy 320 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 28 Reproductive System 1031 PART 3 29 Development, Growth, and Aging 1081 INTEGRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 374 APPENDICES 12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 411 A Periodic Table A-0 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves 443 B Scientific Notation A-0 14 Integration of Nervous System Functions 476 C Solution Concentrations A-0 15 The Special Senses 514 D pH A-0 16 Autonomic Nervous System 564 E Answers to Review and Comprehension Questions A-0 17 Functional Organization of the F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-0 Endocrine System 585 G Answers to Predict Questions A-0 18 Endocrine Glands 609 v see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd v 12/27/06 1:56:33 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES CONTENTS PREFACE x PART 1 4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 109 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Tissues and Histology 110 Embryonic Tissue 110 1 The Human Organism 1 Epithelial Tissue 110 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Connective Tissue 120 Structural and Functional Organization 2 Muscle Tissue 134 Characteristics of Life 6 Nervous Tissue 136 Biomedical Research 9 Membranes 137 Terminology and the Body Plan 12 Inflammation 138 Tissue Repair 140 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 23 Tissue and Aging 142 Basic Chemistry 24 Intermolecular forces 30 Chemical Reactions and Energy 32 PART 2 Inorganic Chemistry 36 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT Organic Chemistry 39 5 Integumentary System 149 Overview of the Integumentary System 150 3 Cell Biology and Genetics 55 Skin 150 Functions of the Cell 56 Hypodermis 157 How We See Cells 58 Accessory Skin Structures 158 Plasma Membrane 58 Summary of Integumentary System Functions 163 Membrane Lipids 58 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System 165 Membrane Proteins 58 Movement Through the Plasma Membrane 64 6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue 173 Endocytosis and Exocytosis 71 Functions of the Skeletal System 174 Cytoplasm 76 Cartilage 174 The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic Organelles 77 Bone Histology 175 Genes and Gene Expression 86 Bone Anatomy 180 Cell Life Cycle 91 Bone Development 183 Genetics 93 Bone Growth 185 Bone Remodeling 191 vi see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd vi 12/27/06 1:56:35 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES CONTENTS vii Bone Repair 192 Cells of the Nervous System 377 Calcium Homeostasis 194 Organization of Nervous Tissue 382 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System 198 Electric Signals 382 The Synapse 394 7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy 203 Neuronal Pathways and Circuits 404 General Considerations 204 Axial Skeleton 206 12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 411 Appendicular Skeleton 233 Spinal Cord 412 Reflexes 415 8 Articulations and Movement 252 Interactions with Spinal Cord Reflexes 421 Naming Joints 253 Structure of Peripheral Nerves 421 Classes of Joints 253 Spinal Nerves 422 Types of Movement 259 Range of Motion 263 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves 443 Description of Selected Joints 263 Development of the CNS 445 Effects of Aging on the Joints 272 Brainstem 445 9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology 278 Cerebellum 449 Functions of the Muscular System 279 Diencephalon 449 General Functional Characteristics of Muscle 279 Cerebrum 453 Skeletal Muscle Structure 279 Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 456 Sliding Filament Model 285 Blood Supply to the Brain 461 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 285 Cranial Nerves 462 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 295 Types of Muscle Contractions 299 14 Integration of Nervous System Functions 476 Fatigue 301 Sensation 477 Energy Sources 303 Control of Skeletal Muscles 490 Slow and Fast Fibers 305 Brainstem Functions 498 Heat Production 307 Other Brain Functions 500 Smooth Muscle 307 Effects of Aging on the Nervous System 506 Cardiac Muscle 311 Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 312 15 The Special Senses 514 Olfaction 515 10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy 320 Taste 518 General Principles 321 Visual System 521 Head Muscles 327 Hearing and Balance 542 Trunk Muscles 340 Effects of Aging on the Special Senses 556 Upper Limb Muscles 346 Lower Limb Muscles 359 16 Autonomic Nervous System 564 Contrasting the Somatic and PART 3 Autonomic Nervous Systems 565 INTEGRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System 565 Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System 572 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 374 Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System 576 Functions of the Nervous System 375 Functional Generalizations About the Divisions of the Nervous System 375 Autonomic Nervous System 578 see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd vii 12/27/06 1:56:37 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES viii CONTENTS 17 Functional Organization of the Regulation of the Heart 705 Endocrine System 585 Heart and Homeostasis 709 General Characteristics of the Endocrine System 586 Effects of Aging on the Heart 711 Chemical Structure of Hormones 587 Control of Secretion Rate 587 21 Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation Transport and Distribution in the Body 593 and Regulation 721 Metabolism and Excretion 594 Functions of the Peripheral Circulation 722 Interaction of Hormones with Their Target Tissues 595 General Features of Blood Vessel Structure 722 Classes of Receptors 597 Pulmonary Circulation 728 Systemic Circulation: Arteries 728 18 Endocrine Glands 609 Systemic Circulation: Veins 739 Functions of the Endocrine System 610 Dynamics of Blood Circulation 751 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 610 Physiology of Systemic Circulation 755 Thyroid Gland 619 Control of Blood Flow in Tissues 761 Parathyroid Glands 624 Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure 765 Adrenal Glands 627 Pancreas 632 22 Lymphatic System and Immunity 782 Hormonal Regulation of Nutrients 638 Lymphatic System 783 Hormones of the Reproductive System 640 Immunity 792 Hormones of the Pineal Body 641 Innate Immunity 792 Hormones of the Thymus 642 Adaptive Immunity 798 Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract 642 Immune Interactions 814 Hormonelike Substances 642 Immunotherapy 814 Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System 643 Acquired Immunity 816 Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity 818 PART 4 REGULATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 23 Respiratory System 825 19 Cardiovascular System: Blood 650 Functions of the Respiratory System 826 Functions of Blood 651 Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory System 826 Plasma 652 Ventilation 841 Formed Elements 653 Measurement of Lung Function 846 Hemostasis 662 Physical Principles of Gas Exchange 848 Blood Grouping 667 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood 851 Diagnostic Blood Tests 671 Regulation of Ventilation 856 Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise 863 20 Cardiovascular System: The Heart 678 Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System 863 Functions of the Heart 679 Size, Shape, and Location of the Heart 679 24 Digestive System 873 Anatomy of the Heart 681 Anatomy of the Digestive System 874 Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart 687 Functions of the Digestive System 874 Histology 689 Histology of the Digestive Tract 876 Electrical Properties 692 Regulation of the Digestive System 877 Cardiac Cycle 695 Peritoneum 878 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 703 Oral Cavity 880 see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd viii 12/27/06 1:56:38 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES CONTENTS ix Pharynx 886 PART 5 Esophagus 886 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Swallowing 886 Stomach 888 28 Reproductive System 1031 Small Intestine 896 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 1033 Liver 899 Physiology of Male Reproduction 1045 Gallbladder 904 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 1049 Pancreas 905 Physiology of Female Reproduction 1059 Large Intestine 907 Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System 1071 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport 912 Effects of Aging on the Digestive System 920 29 Development, Growth, and Aging 1081 Prenatal Development 1082 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Parturition 1104 Temperature Regulation 927 The Newborn 1106 Nutrition 928 Lactation 1110 Metabolism 937 First Year After Birth 1111 Carbohydrate Metabolism 938 Life Stages 1111 Lipid Metabolism 946 Aging 1112 Protein Metabolism 948 Death 1113 Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules 950 Metabolic States 951 APPENDICES Metabolic Rate 953 A Periodic Table A-0 Body Temperature Regulation 954 B Scientific Notation A-0 26 Urinary System 961 C Solution Concentrations A-0 Functions of the Urinary System 962 D pH A-0 Kidney Anatomy and Histology 962 E Answers to Review and Comprehension Urine Production 970 Questions A-0 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume 983 Plasma Clearance and Tubular Maximum 991 F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-0 Urine Movement 992 G Answers to Predict Questions A-0 Effects of Aging on the Kidneys 996 GLOSSARY G-0 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance 1004 CREDITS C-0 Body Fluids 1005 INDEX I-0 Regulation of Body Fluid Concentration and Volume 1006 Regulation of Intracellular Fluid Composition 1011 Regulation of Specific Electrolytes in the Extracellular Fluid 1012 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance 1020 see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd ix 12/27/06 1:56:39 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES PREFACE natomy and Physiology is designed to help students is now strengthened with the addition of Case Studies. These brief, A develop a solid understanding of the concepts of anat- omy and physiology and to use this knowledge to solve problems. This is accomplished via a carefully planned learning system that serves as the framework for virtually all the elements in the text. From the opening chapter previews to the real-life scenarios, combined with the popular Clinical Asides, the more in-depth Clinical Focus Readings, and the Systems Pathology spreads, provide a thorough clinical education that fully supports surrounding textual material. Also new, the Clinical Genetics Essays emphasize the connection between genetics and certain diseases end-of-chapter multi-level review questions, Anatomy and Physi- and frequently tie in with Clinical Focus Readings. ology is the textbook that will motivate and teach your students who are going into health-related careers. 2. Critical Thinking—Recall Isn’t Enough—Learning Needs to Be Developed and Applied AUDIENCE A critical thinking approach is integrated throughout this text- book. It can be found in the way the narrative and the figures are Anatomy and Physiology is written for the two-semester anatomy designed and coordinated; in the way Process Figures explain step- and physiology course. The writing is comprehensive enough to by-step how mechanisms respond to a variety of stimuli; in the provide the depth necessary for those courses not requiring pre- way Homeostasis Summary Figures explain the means by which requisites, and yet presented with such clarity that it nicely balances homeostasis is maintained; and in the way Clinical Aside Boxes, the thorough coverage. Clear descriptions and exceptional illustra- Clinical Focus Readings, and new Case Studies encourage students tions combine to help students develop a solid understanding of to apply information they have learned to practical “real-life” sce- the concepts of anatomy and physiology and to also teach them narios. Finally, critical thinking is especially integrated into the way how to use that information. the unique Predict Questions and Critical Thinking Questions en- courage students to go beyond rote memorization. WHAT SETS THIS BOOK APART? 3. Exceptional Art—Accuracy, Consistency, Logic Underscore Visuals Seeley Learning System—Connecting The illustrations in Anatomy and Physiology are also an integral part Students to Their Future of the Seeley Learning System. Accurate, attractive, and clearly pre- It begins with the micrograph on the chapter-opening page, care- sented, the visual program enhances comprehension in a number of fully chosen to pique interest and bring into focus a close-up view ways: Tables are often combined with illustrations, relevant photos are of the subject at hand. Accompanying text previews the material side-by-side with drawings, cadaver photos are included where ap- to come and even includes a mini-review, complete with relevant propriate, step-by-step Process Figures explain physiologic processes, page numbers. Once into the core of the chapter, students will ben- and the distinctive Homeostasis Summary Figures include explana- efit from an abundance of clinical content, step-by-step Process tions that are necessary to understand mechanisms and their roles Figures, in-chapter Review and Predict Questions, macro-to-micro in the maintenance of homeostasis. The images reflect a contempo- art, unique Homeostasis Summary Figures, cadaver images, and rary style and are coordinated so that colors and styles of structures more. A Chapter Summary provided in outline form covers all in multiple figures are consistent with one another throughout the the main points of the chapter and serves as an excellent study book. See the “Guided Tour” following this Preface for more details guide. Finally, the Review and Comprehension Questions, and the on the unique Seeley Learning System in Anatomy and Physiology. Critical Thinking Questions, based on Bloom’s Taxonomy, allow students to test their understanding in stages of comprehension. Clarity and Comprehensiveness— Within this learning system are three major emphases: The Right Amount of Information 1. Clinical Coverage—New Case Studies Build on Rich Clinical Presented Clearly Foundation Not everything that is known about human anatomy and physi- Examples of diseases, responses to exercise, clinical case studies, ology can be included in a single book, and new information is aging, and environmental conditions are all used to explain how accumulating at a rapid pace. For example, molecular techniques our bodies function and to describe the consequences when sys- continue to identify the mechanisms that control gene expression, tems do not operate normally. These conditions are also used to reveal how genes determine the structural and functional char- enhance comprehension of the relationship between structure acteristics of humans, and demonstrate how alterations of genes and function. Anatomy and Physiology has always had a strong can be responsible for abnormalities and diseases in humans. A emphasis on clinical material. In the eighth edition, that emphasis major challenge in writing any textbook is to clearly present vital x see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd x 1/5/07 3:55:42 AM  CONFIRMING PAGES PREFACE xi concepts that are consistent with the massive body of contempo- that are inherited, such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus and celiac rary knowledge in a way that encourages readers to grasp these key disease, and those that involve mutations in multiple genes, such concepts and think critically by applying them to realistic situa- as cancer, are also described. These text revisions and new con- tions. Anatomy and Physiology is written in succinct, understandable tent will better prepare students to understand the relationship language. We continue to improve this aspect of the text because we between genetics and many of the cases they may encounter in believe that content must be presented and explained clearly and health-related careers. in sufficient detail to support critical thinking. All of us make a concerted effort to maintain congruity between the explanations Anatomy & Physiology | REVEALED® and the problems presented in each chapter. Whether or not critical thinking is a major emphasis in your course, this text is a valuable as- Integration set for students because of its depth and understandable language. This is the first edition of Anatomy and Physiology to feature chapter correlations to the popular AP | REVEALED® student tutorial. Stu- dents across the country are improving their grades using this unique EIGHTH EDITION CHANGES— multimedia study aid that offers “melt-away” layers of dissection, an- imations, imaging, and self-testing to study cadaver specimens. The WHAT’S NEW? appropriate section, or body system, within the tutorial is listed on The eighth edition of Anatomy and Physiology is the result of exten- all applicable chapter opening pages. Even more specific connections sive analysis of the text and evaluation of input from contributing between AP | REVEALED® and the text can be found on a correla- authors and instructors who have thoroughly reviewed chapters. tion guide on the ARIS website that accompanies this textbook. We are grateful to these professionals and have used their construc- tive comments in our continuing efforts to enhance the strengths Instructor Resource Guide of our textbook. McGraw-Hill Higher Education has developed several resources to assist professors teaching anatomy and physiology. To take advan- Contributing Authors tage of this content and to make creating your lectures easier, this Five contributing authors have extensively examined and, where edition features a bound-in Resource Guide with listings of avail- appropriate, revised material in 10 of the 29 chapters. Beyond able case studies, animations, exercises, images, questions, and so what they have contributed to their specific chapters, these tal- on all in one handy chart and arranged by chapters. ented professors brought a fresh perspective to the entire book. They have worked very closely with us to produce up-to-date and clear Improved Art presentations that are consistent with the objectives of this textbook. Substantial changes have been made to improve the clarity of the art in the eighth edition. We have created 34 new figures, and two-thirds Clinical Case Studies of the remaining art program has been revised to improve the qual- Reviewers of the seventh edition asked for more real-life scenarios, ity of the illustrations. Additionally, over 40 new photographs have such as the kind their students may encounter. New Case Studies been added to this edition. Some of the enhancements include now appear in nearly all the chapters. They are brief examples of New photomicrographs of connective tissues show low and how alterations in anatomy and physiology result in diseases and in- high power magnifications. clude suggestions on how they can be treated. The Case Studies often Homeostasis Summary Figures were revised to provide a illustrate how multiple systems are affected and how they respond more concise and easy-to-read review of the mechanisms in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Each of the Case Studies is that maintain homeostasis. These figures have also been im- followed by a Predict Question, which helps students think critically proved by adding a “Start” icon, making it easier to follow about the application of anatomical and physiologic concepts to the the color-coded directional arrows when the value of a vari- situation and predict the consequences of additional changes. able increases or decreases. More Process Figures have been added to the text and sev- Genetics Coverage eral have been improved. Modern genetics has made it possible to understand the connec- tion between the structure of genes on chromosomes and many Refined and Updated Narrative diseases. Some of these diseases that have a genetic basis are The eighth edition has undergone a complete examination and highlighted in new Clinical Genetics essays. To provide an early revision. Reports of new discoveries have been researched and eval- overview of genetic concepts, essential material has been taken uated. We have listened to suggestions from instructors who teach from chapter 29, updated, and moved to chapter 3. These include anatomy and physiology, as well as to our contributing authors, conditions that result from inheritance or mutations in single and have consequently scrutinized the text carefully. Explanations genes that are dominant, recessive, or X-linked, such as neuro- have been made clearer, terminology made more consistent, con- fibromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, tent reorganized to enhance clarity, facts corrected or updated, respectively. Conditions that involve alteration of multiple genes questions revised or added, and figure captions modified. see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd xi 1/5/07 3:55:52 AM  CONFIRMING PAGES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A great deal of effort is required to produce a heavily illustrated helpful and their efforts are truly appreciated. Their commitment textbook such as Anatomy and Physiology. Many hours of work are to this project has clearly been more than a job to them. required to organize and develop the components of the textbook We are especially grateful to contributing authors Shylaja while creating and designing illustrations, but no text is solely the Akkaraju, Christine Eckel, Jennifer Regan, Andrew Russo, and work of the authors. It is not possible to adequately acknowledge Cinnamon VanPutte for their involvement in this edition. the support and encouragement provided by our loved ones. They Discussions with these professionals were delightful, insightful, have had the patience and understanding to tolerate our absences and valuable. Their input and contributions have made this text- and our frustrations. They have also been willing to provide assis- book substantially better. tance and unwavering support. We also extend our appreciation to the many illustrators who Many hands besides our own have touched this text, guiding worked on the development and execution of the illustration pro- it through various stages of development and production. We wish gram, and to those who provided photographs and photomicro- to express our gratitude to the staff of McGraw-Hill for their help graphs for the eighth edition of Anatomy and Physiology. The art and encouragement. We sincerely appreciate Publisher Michelle program for this textbook represents a monumental effort, and we Watnick, Sponsoring Editor James Connely, and Developmental are grateful for their contribution to the overall appearance and Editor Kathy Loewenberg for their many hours of work, sugges- pedagogical value of the photos and illustrations. tions, and tremendous patience and encouragement. Thanks are Finally, we sincerely thank the reviewers and the teachers who gratefully offered to Copy Editor Debra DeBord for carefully pol- have provided us with exceptional constructive criticism. The ishing our words. We also thank Project Manager Mary Powers, remuneration they received represents only a token payment for Photo Editor John Leland, Production Supervisor Laura Fuller, and their efforts. To review a textbook conscientiously requires a true Designer Rick Noel for their time spent turning manuscript into a commitment and dedication to excellence in teaching. Their help- book; Media Producer Jake Theobald, Project Coordinator Melissa ful criticisms and suggestions for improvement were significant in Leick, and Media Project Manager Tammy Juran for their assistance revising the seventh edition. We gratefully acknowledge them by in building the various products that support our text; and Market- name in the next section. ing Manager Lynn Kalb-Breithaupt for her enthusiasm in promot- Rod Seeley ing this book. The McGraw-Hill employees with whom we have Trent Stephens worked are excellent professionals. They have been consistently Phil Tate REVIEWERS Terry A. Austin Brad Caldwell Kathryn A. Durham Cliff Fontenot Temple College Greenville Technical College Lorain County Community Southeastern Louisiana Gail Baker Ana Christensen College University LaGuardia Community Lamar University Adam Eiler Allan Forsman College/CUNY Nathan L. Collie San Jacinto College–South East Tennessee State University David M. Bastedo Texas Tech University Lee F. Famiano Ralph F. Fregosi San Bernardino Valley College David T. Corey Cuyahoga Community College The University of Arizona Alease S. Bruce Midlands Techical College Kathy E. Ferrell Paul Garcia University of Massachusetts– Ethel R. Cornforth Greenville Technical College Houston Community College– Lowell San Jacinto College–South Edward R. Fliss Southwest Nishi S. Bryska Cara L. Davies St. Louis Community College Chaya Gopalan University of North Carolina– Ohio Northern University at Florissant Valley St. Louis Community College Charlotte Richard Doolin Paul Florence at Florissant Valley Patrick D. Burns Daytona Beach Community Jefferson Community College Jean C. Jackson University of Northern College Lexington Community College Colorado xii see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd xii 12/27/06 1:56:45 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Amy E. Jetton Glenn Merrick Gerald Schafer Katherine M. Van de Wal Middle Tennessee State Lake Superior College Mission College–Thailand Community College of University Ralph R. Meyer Marilyn Shannon Baltimore County, Essex Jody E. Johnson University of Cincinnati Indiana University–Purdue Jyoti R. Wagle Arapahoe Community College Amy Griffin Ouchley University Fort Wayne Houston Community College Sally Johnston University of Louisiana– Jeff S. Simpson System–Central Community College of Monroe Metropolitan State College Mark D. Womble Southern Nevada Mark Paternostro of Denver Youngstown State University Beverly P. Kirk Pennsylvania College Claudia Stanescu Linda S. Wooten Northeast Mississippi of Technology The University of Arizona Bishop State Community Community College Jennifer L. Regan William Stewart College Michael Kopenits University of Southern Middle Tennesee State Michelle Zurawski Amarillo College Mississippi University Moraine Valley Community Karen K. McLellan Jackie Reynolds Janis Thompson College Indiana University–Purdue Richland College Lorain County Community University Fort Wayne Tim Roye College Mara L. Manis San Jacinto College–South Hillsborough Community College FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS Pegge Alciatore Glen Early Peter Germroth Robyn O’Kane University of Louisiana– Jefferson Community and Hillsborough Community LaGuardia Community Lafayette Technical College College–Dale Mabry Campus College/CUNY Sara Brenizer Clair Eckersell Richard Griner Karen Payne Shelton State Community Brigham Young University– Augusta State University Chattanooga State Technical College Idaho Mark Hubley Community College Kathy Bruce Jim Ezell Prince George’s Community Joseph Schiller Parkland College J. Sargeant Reynolds College Austin Peay State University Jorge Cortese Community College Sister Carol Makravitz Colleen Sinclair Durham Technical Deanna Ferguson Luzerne County Community Towson University Community College Gloucester County College College Mary Elizabeth Torrano Juville Dario-Becker Pamela Fouche Ronald Markle American River College Central Virginia Community Walters State Community Northern Arizona University Cinnamon VanPutte College College Carl McAllister Southwestern Illinois College Smruti Desai Mary Fox Georgia Perimeter College Chuck Venglarik Cy-Fair College University of Cincinnati Alfredo Munoz Jefferson State Community Don Steve Dutton Bagie George University of Texas at College Amarillo College Georgia Perimeter College– Brownsville Mark Wygoda Lawrenceville Campus Necia Nicholas McNeese State University Calhoun Community College see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd xiii 12/27/06 1:56:47 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES THE SEELEY LEARNING SYSTEM GUIDED TOUR THE SEELEY LEARNING SYSTEM—CONNECTING STUDENTS TO THEIR FUTURE The Seeley Learning System in Anatomy and Physiology is designed to help you learn in a systematic fashion. The textual material builds from simple facts to explanations of more complex concepts and is presented within a supporting frame- work of features that help you review what you have read, evaluate your comprehension of the content, and use what you have learned. Here is how your book can help you learn and improve your grade: Chapter Introduction 23 Each chapter opens with an interesting photomi- crograph, which ties in with the topic. The Respiratory paragraphs that follow introduce the topic and System include a brief overview of the key points of the chapter. At the bottom of this page, if applica- ble, is the correlating system in Anatomy & Physiology | REVEALED®, a multimedia study aid F rom our first breath at birth, the rate and depth of our breathing is unconsciously matched to our activities, whether studying, sleeping, talking, eating, or exercising. We can voluntarily stop breath- ing, but within a few seconds we must breathe again. Breathing is so characteristic of life that, along with the pulse, it is one of the first things we check for to determine if an unconscious person that allows you to “melt” away layers of dissec- is alive. Breathing is necessary because all living cells of the body require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. The tion on cadaver specimens, view animations, respiratory system allows the exchange of these gases between the air and the blood, and the cardiovascular system transports them between the lungs and the cells of the body. The capacity to carry out normal activity is reduced examine different types of imaging, and take without healthy respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Respiration includes (1) ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs; (2) gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood, sometimes called external respiration; (3) the transport of oxygen and carbon practice quizzes. Just pop in the correct CD, or dioxide in the blood; and (4) gas exchange between the blood and the tissues, sometimes called internal respiration. The term respiration is also used in reference to cell visit the program online, and go to the system metabolism, which is discussed in chapter 25. This chapter explains the functions of the respi- listed in the text for assistance in understanding ratory system (p. ), the anatomy and histology of the respiratory system (p. ), ventilation (p. ), the chapter material. measurement of lung function (p. ), physical prin- ciples of gas exchange (p. ), oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood (p. ), regulation of ventilation (p. ), and respiratory adaptations to exercise (p. ). The chapter concludes by looking at the effects of aging on the respiratory system (p. ). Colorized scanning electron micrograph of the lung, showing alveoli, which are small chambers where gas exchange takes place between the air and the blood. 4. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the In-Chapter Section larynx produces mucus, which traps debris in air. The cilia Respiratory System move the mucus and debris into the pharynx. Reviews 5 Name and describe the three unpaired cartilages of the Review questions at the end of each section larynx. What are their functions? within the chapter prompt you to test your 6 see65576_ch23_825-872.indd 825 Distinguish between the vestibular and vocal folds. How are 11/21/06 10:08:49 AM understanding of key concepts. Use them as sounds of different loudness and pitch produced by the vocal folds? a self-test to determine whether you have a 7 How does the position of the arytenoid cartilages change sufficient grasp of the information before when a person is simply breathing versus making low- proceeding to the next section. pitched and high-pitched sounds? Predict Questions These innovative critical thinking questions encourage you to PREDICT 2 see65576_ch23_825-872.indd 831 become an active learner as you read. Predict Questions chal-11/21/06 9:58:43 AM Explain what happens to the shape of the trachea when a person lenge you to use your understanding of new concepts to solve a swallows a large mouthful of food. Why is this change of shape problem. Answers to the questions are provided at the end of advantageous? the book, allowing you to evaluate your responses and to under- stand the logic used to arrive at the correct answer. xiv see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd xiv 12/27/06 1:56:49 PM  CONFIRMING PAGES INSTRUCTIVE ARTWORK MAKES THE DIFFERENCE A picture is worth a thousand words—especially when you are learning anatomy and physiology. Because words alone cannot convey the nuances of anatomy or the intricacies of physiology, Anatomy and Physiology uses a dynamic program of full-color illustrations and photo- graphs to support and further clarify the textual explanations. Brilliantly rendered and carefully reviewed for accuracy and consistency, the precisely labeled illustrations and photos provide concrete, visual reinforcement of important topics discussed throughout the text. Combination Art Smooth muscle Bronchial vein, artery, and nerve Drawings are often paired with photographs to enhance visualization Branch of pulmonary artery Deep lymphatic vessel and comprehension of structures. Terminal bronchiole Alveolus Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Superficial lymphatic vessel Histology Micrographs Light micrographs, as well as scanning and transmission electron micro- Alveoli Lymph nodes Alveolar sac Connective tissue Pulmonary capillaries graphs, are used in conjunction with illustrations to present a true pic- Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Branch of pulmonary vein ture of anatomy and physiology from the cellular level. Parietal pleura Elastic fibers (a) Magnifications are indicated to help you estimate the Terminal bronchus size of structures shown in the photomicrographs. Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Reference diagrams orient you to the view Alveolar sacs FIGURE 23.7 Bronchioles and Alveoli (a) A terminal bronchiole branches to form respiratory bronchioles, which give rise or plane an illustration represents. to alveolar ducts. Alveoli connect to the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles. Alveoli The alveolar ducts end as two or three alveolar sacs. (b) Photomicrograph of lung LM 30x (b) tissue. Type II pneumocyte see65576_ch23_825-872.indd 834 11/21/06 10:56:08 AM (surfactant- secreting cell) Alveolar Macrophage epithelium (wall) Air space within Type I pneumocyte Macro-to-Micro Art alveolus Nucleus Mitochondrion Capillary endothelium (wall) Red blood cell Illustrations depicting complex structures or processes combine macroscopic and microscopic views to help you see the (a) relationships between increasingly detailed drawings. Alveolar fluid (with surfactant) Alveolar epithelium Alveolus Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium Respiratory membrane Interstitial space Basement membrane of capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium Atlas-Quality Cadaver Images Diffusion of O2 Diffusion of CO2 FIGURE 23.8 Alveolus and the Respiratory Membrane (a) Section of an alveolus, showing the air-filled interior and Red blood cell Clearly labeled photos of dissected human cadavers provide thin walls composed of simple squamous epithelium. The alveolus is surrounded by elastic connective tissue and blood capillaries. (b) Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the six thin layers Capillary (b) of the respiratory membrane. detailed views of anatomical structures, capturing the intangible characteristics of actual human anatomy that can be appreciated only when viewed in human specimens. Realistic Anatomical Artsee65576_ch23_825-872.indd 835 11/21/06 10:59:27 AM The anatomical figures in Anatomy and Physiology have been Anterior Anterior carefully drawn to convey realistic, three-dimensional detail. Apical– Superior lobe Anterior Apical Posterior posterior (combined) Superior Richly textured bones and artfully shaded muscles, organs, and Superior Anterior lobe Middle Medial Inferior lobe Trachea Main bronchi (green) to lungs Inferior lobe Superior Inferior lingular