Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart - Practice Questions PDF

Grading pre-class assignments Some questions are graded automatically (immediately) T/F, multiple choice, matching fill in blank etc Other questions will not be graded until I look at them and assign a grade Short answer Sometimes certain questions types might get graded incorrec...

Grading pre-class assignments Some questions are graded automatically (immediately) T/F, multiple choice, matching fill in blank etc Other questions will not be graded until I look at them and assign a grade Short answer Sometimes certain questions types might get graded incorrectly Correct answer is ‘heart rate’ but you answer ‘HR’ it would be marked incorrect. My goal is to have everything graded for the week by Friday. If it’s late you can only get up to 50% points. But if you are late, still complete it because you still can get 50%.... Which is better than 0%. Anatomy of the Heart 2  (Bicuspid or mitral valve) (Tricuspid) 3 3 Valves of Heart Close up of mitral valve  Valve disease Stenosis- narrowing and stiffening of the valve which inhibits blood flow Valve prolapse- incomplete closure of the valve which results in blood regurgitation Heart wall -Endocarditis, Myocarditis, Pericarditis -Pericardial effusion → Cardiac 6 Tamponade Cardiac Tamponade https://youtu.be/jQxX4ONGi58  Heart muscle orientation This muscle “wrap” enables the ventricles of the heart to pump from the bottom up, ejecting blood out pulmonary arteries and aorta at the top (similar to a tube of toothpaste- squeeze from the bottom) 8  Skeletal muscle Cardiac myocytes Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle is more of a ‘mesh’ than parallel Put these in order starting with right atria Right atria Right atria Left atria Right ventricle Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Left Ventricle Lungs Aorta Pulmonary vein Superior and inferior Left atria vena cava Left ventricle Pulmonary artery Aorta Pulmonary vein Body (except lungs) Lungs Superior and inferior vena Rest of body except cava the lungs 10  Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Blood flow through the heart  Right Atrium  Tricuspid Valve  Right Ventricle Pulmonary Circulation  Pulmonary Semilunar Valve  Systemic Pulmonary Artery Lungs Circulation Pulmonary Vein  Left Atrium  Bicuspid (mitral) Valve  Left Ventricle  Aorta Changes to the heart at Birth What causes muscular hypertrophy?  What can cause right ventricular hypertrophy? What can cause left atrial hypertrophy? 14 Circulation Why is left ventricular wall thicker than right ventricular wall? Note: pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood and pulomary arteries carry Generation of Pressure differences is necessary for blood flow Q is blood flow ΔP is change in pressure If ΔP is 0, there is than Q is 0. There must be pressure differences or blood will be stationary! 16  Change in Pressure drives blood flow Note the difference in pressure generated by the right and left ventricles. Pressure created from Pressure created from Left Ventricle pushes right Ventricle pushes blood through blood through systemic circulation pulmonary circulation Circulation If the left side is stronger and can generate more pressure… but does it pump more blood? Coronary blood flow Right coronary supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle Left coronary divides into left anterior descending and circumflex and together they supply blood to the left atrium and ventricle Coronary blood flow During systole there is no blood flow due to the pressure created by the myocardium Most of the flow occurs during the initial portion of diastole when pressure in the aorta is still high but the myocardium is relaxed 20  Cardiac Cycle 0.6 Often thought of two distinct Duration (seconds) 0.5 phases 0.4 0.3 Diastole systole Systole: contraction 0.2 diastole Systole Diastole: relaxation 0.1 MAP at rest = 2/3 DBP x 1/3 SBP 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 HR (bpm) Systole Diastole Factors that influence CO 22  Factors that influence Cardiac output Stroke Volume Contractility Force of the myocardial contractility Factors that increase contractility have a positive “inotropic effect” Preload Amount of blood returned to the heart during diastole Afterload Pressure that opposes the ejection of blood Systemic arterial pressure 23 With regards to exercise, what increases preload and afterload? 24  Cardiac Cycle 1 Ventricular Filling Period 2 Isovolumetric Contraction 3 Ventricular Ejection 4 Isovolumetric Relaxation link to video regarding pressure-volume loops http://www.cvphysiology.com/Cardiac%20Function/CF024.htm