Anatomy and Physiology Notes PDF

# What is it? * **Anatomy:** the study of the structure and relationships between body parts * **Physiology:** the study of how body parts come together to function and keep the body alive * **Complementarity of structure and function:** the form or structure of a biological component directly dete...

# What is it? * **Anatomy:** the study of the structure and relationships between body parts * **Physiology:** the study of how body parts come together to function and keep the body alive * **Complementarity of structure and function:** the form or structure of a biological component directly determines its function * **Homeostasis:** maintaining stable internal conditions no matter what changes outside of the body ## Hierarchy of organization 1. **Chemical (atoms)** 2. **Cellular (cells that vary in shape and size based on purpose)** 3. **Tissues (cells grouped together)** 4. **Organs (2 or more tissue types combined)** 5. **Organ systems (organs that work together)** 6. **Body (all the organ systems put together)** The image shows the different levels of organization in the human body. It starts with the chemical level, showing hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonding to form a water molecule. This molecule then combines with others to form the cellular level. Multiple cells come together to form tissues, which in turn form organs. Multiple organs work together to create organ systems, and all of these systems combine to form the organismal level. ## Directional Terms Used to describe where one body part is in relation to another * **Sagittal plane/median plane:** splits the body vertically and divides a body or organ in left and right parts * **Parasagittal plane:** parallel to the sagittal plane but off to one side * **Coronal plane/frontal plane:** splits everything vertically, front and back * **Transverse plane/horizontal plane:** divides the body top and bottom The image shows a human body with different planes drawn on it. The coronal plane is shown as a blue line, the sagittal plane as a red line, and the transverse plane as a green line. ## Axial and Appendicular parts * **Axial parts:** everything in line with the center of the body - Head, neck and trunk * **Appendicular parts:** Arms and legs/ Appendages that attach to the body's axis The image shows two skeletons, one representing the axial and the other the appendicular skeleton. * **Anterior/ventral:** front of the body * **Posterior/dorsal:** back of the body The image shows a human body with an arrow pointing from the back of the body to the front, which is labeled "posterior or dorsal" and "anterior or ventral" respectively.