Anatomy and Physiology PDF

ANATOMY ======= - the study of the **structure** and **shape** of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another. - The term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana). PHYSIOLOGY ========== → Study of how the body and its parts **work or function...

ANATOMY ======= - the study of the **structure** and **shape** of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another. - The term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana). PHYSIOLOGY ========== → Study of how the body and its parts **work or function** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **GROSS** | - Large structures | | | | | **ANATOMY** | - Easily observable | | | | | **(MACROSCOPIC** | | | | | | **ANATOMY)** | | +===================================+===================================+ | **MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY** | - Structures cannot be seen | | | with the naked eye | | | | | | - Structures can only be | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ STRUCTURAL LEVEL ================ ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW ===================== -------- -- **I.** -------- -- - Forms the external body covering - Protects deeper tissue from injury - Helps regulate body temperature - Location of cutaneous nerve receptors --------- -- **II.** --------- -- - Protects and supports body organs - Provides muscle attachment for movement - Site of blood cell formation - Stores minerals -- --------------------- **MUSCULAR SYSTEM** -- --------------------- - Produces movement - Maintains posture - Produces heat -- -------------------- **NERVOUS SYSTEM** -- -------------------- - Fast-acting control system - Responds to internal and external change - Activates muscles and glands -- ---------------------- **ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** -- ---------------------- - Secretes regulatory hormones - Growth - Reproduction - Metabolism -- --------------------------- **CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM** -- --------------------------- - Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart - Oxygen - Carbon dioxide - Nutrients - Wastes -- ---------------------- **LYMPHATIC SYSTEM** -- ---------------------- - Returns fluids to blood vessels - Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity **astwidd \| 1** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Regulated by hormones** | +===================================+===================================+ | | **Excretion** | | | | | | - **Eliminates waste from | | | metabolic reactions** | | | | | | - **Wastes may be removed in | | | urine or feces** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Reproduction** | | | | | | - **Occurs on cellular level or | | | organismal level** | | | | | | - **Produces future | | | generation** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Growth** | | | | | | **Increases cell size and | | | number** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ -- ---------------------- **DIGESTIVE SYSTEM** -- ---------------------- -- -------------------- **URINARY SYSTEM** -- -------------------- - Keeps blood supplied with oxygen - Removes carbon dioxide - Breaks down food - Allows for nutrient absorption into blood - Eliminates indigestible material as feces - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes - Maintains acid-base balance - Regulates water and SURVIVAL NEEDS ============== electrolytes +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **NUTRIENTS** | - Chemicals for energy and cell | | | | | | | | | | | | - Includes carbohydrates, | | | proteins, lipids, vitamins, | | | and minerals | +===================================+===================================+ | **OXYGEN** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **WATER** | - 60 to 80 percent of body | | | weight | | | | | | - Most abundant chemical in the | | | human body | | | | | | - Provides for metabolic | | | reactions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **STABLE BODY** | | | | | | **TEMPERATURE** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ -- ------------------------- **REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM** -- ------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Maintain boundaries** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Movement** | | | | | | - **Locomotion** | | | | | | - **Movement of substances** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Responsiveness** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Digestion** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Metabolism** | | | | | | **---chemical reactions within | | | the body** | | | | | | - **Break down complex | | | molecules into smaller ones** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Build larger molecules from | | | smaller ones (ANABOLISM)** | | | | | | - **Produces energy** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - Produces offspring - Testes produce sperm and male hormone -- ------------------------ **RESPIRATORY SYSTEM** -- ------------------------ - Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones. **HOMEOSTASIS** --------------- - maintenance of a stable internal environment - A dynamic state of equilibrium - Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life - Homeostatic imbalance - A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease MAINTANING HOMEOSTASIS ====================== +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **RECEPTOR** | - Responds to changes in the | | | environment (stimuli) | | | | | | - Sends information to | +===================================+===================================+ | **CONTROL CENTER** | - Determines set point | | | | | | - Analyzes information | | | | | | - Determines appropriate | | | response | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **EFFECTOR** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+