Anatomy 2 Test 3 Outline Question Set 4 PDF

**Digestive System Overview** 1. **Which of the following is classified as an accessory organ in the digestive system?** - A. Stomach - B. Pharynx - C. Esophagus - D. Pancreas - E. Small intestine\ *(Correct answer: D)* 2. **The enteric nervous syst...

**Digestive System Overview** 1. **Which of the following is classified as an accessory organ in the digestive system?** - A. Stomach - B. Pharynx - C. Esophagus - D. Pancreas - E. Small intestine\ *(Correct answer: D)* 2. **The enteric nervous system is part of the:** - A. Central nervous system - B. Somatic nervous system - C. Peripheral nervous system - D. Autonomic nervous system - E. Sympathetic nervous system\ *(Correct answer: D)* 3. **Enteric sensory neurons detect changes in the digestive tract\'s:** - A. Acid-base balance - B. Chemical composition and mechanical stretch - C. Nutrient absorption rate - D. Enzyme concentration - E. Blood flow\ *(Correct answer: B)* 4. **Which neurotransmitter stimulates digestive tract motility?** - A. Dopamine - B. Serotonin - C. Acetylcholine - D. Epinephrine - E. Norepinephrine\ *(Correct answer: C)* 5. **Retroperitoneal organs are positioned:** - A. Entirely covered by the peritoneum - B. Within the visceral peritoneum only - C. Behind the peritoneum with only anterior coverage - D. Within the pleural cavity - E. Inside the pelvic cavity\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands** 6. **The anterior boundary of the vestibule in the mouth is formed by the:** - A. Hard palate - B. Soft palate - C. Lips (labia) - D. Tongue - E. Teeth\ *(Correct answer: C)* 7. **The role of the soft palate in swallowing is to:** - A. Protect teeth from bacteria - B. Form the back of the oral cavity - C. Separate food and air by blocking the nasal cavity - D. Facilitate salivary secretion - E. Produce saliva\ *(Correct answer: C)* 8. **The muscle responsible for moving food within the mouth during mastication is:** - A. Orbicularis oris - B. Buccinator - C. Masseter - D. Temporalis - E. Sternocleidomastoid\ *(Correct answer: B)* 9. **Saliva contains which enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion?** - A. Lipase - B. Amylase - C. Pepsin - D. Trypsin - E. Lactase\ *(Correct answer: B)* 10. **Lingual glands produce a small amount of which digestive enzyme?** - A. Amylase - B. Pepsin - C. Lipase - D. Maltase - E. Trypsin\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Teeth and Mastication** 11. **The primary function of canines is to:** - A. Crush food - B. Grind food - C. Tear food - D. Chew food - E. Increase saliva\ *(Correct answer: C)* 12. **Which part of the tooth contains blood vessels and nerves?** - A. Enamel - B. Dentin - C. Cementum - D. Pulp cavity - E. Root canal\ *(Correct answer: D)* 13. **The mastication reflex is integrated in the:** - A. Cerebrum - B. Cerebellum - C. Spinal cord - D. Medulla oblongata - E. Pons\ *(Correct answer: D)* 14. **Which muscles move the mandible during mastication?** - A. Buccinator and masseter - B. Temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles - C. Pterygoid and sternocleidomastoid - D. Buccinator and temporalis - E. Frontalis and temporalis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 15. **The main purpose of mastication is to:** - A. Reduce saliva production - B. Break down food into smaller pieces - C. Stimulate digestive hormones - D. Absorb nutrients in the mouth - E. Release digestive enzymes in the stomach\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Pharynx and Swallowing** 16. **The pharyngeal constrictors are involved in:** - A. Opening the nasal cavity - B. Moving food from the pharynx to the esophagus - C. Closing the trachea during swallowing - D. Opening the epiglottis - E. Producing digestive enzymes\ *(Correct answer: B)* 17. **The nasopharynx only transports:** - A. Food and air - B. Food only - C. Water only - D. Air only - E. Digestive enzymes\ *(Correct answer: D)* 18. **The role of the epiglottis during swallowing is to:** - A. Propel food to the esophagus - B. Cover the larynx to prevent food entry - C. Close the nasal cavity - D. Initiate digestion - E. Produce saliva\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Esophagus and Peristalsis** 19. **The esophagus differs from other parts of the digestive tract because it contains:** - A. Only smooth muscle - B. Only skeletal muscle - C. A combination of skeletal and smooth muscle - D. Only cartilage - E. Bone tissue\ *(Correct answer: C)* 20. **The lower esophageal sphincter prevents:** - A. Air from entering the esophagus - B. Acid reflux from the stomach - C. Food from moving into the small intestine - D. Bile from entering the stomach - E. Water from entering the stomach\ *(Correct answer: B)* 21. **Peristalsis refers to:** - A. Absorption of nutrients - B. Muscle contractions moving food down the esophagus - C. Saliva production - D. Enzyme release - E. Bile secretion\ *(Correct answer: B)* 22. **The esophageal hiatus allows the esophagus to pass through the:** - A. Rib cage - B. Heart - C. Diaphragm - D. Liver - E. Stomach wall\ *(Correct answer: C)* 23. **Which part of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle fibers?** - A. Upper third - B. Middle third - C. Lower third - D. Whole length - E. No part of the esophagus\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Stomach Anatomy and Digestion** 24. **The stomach's inner oblique layer of muscle is responsible for:** - A. Storing food - B. Strong contractions that break down food - C. Producing saliva - D. Regulating peristalsis - E. Absorbing nutrients\ *(Correct answer: B)* 25. **Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which type of stomach cell?** - A. Chief cells - B. Parietal cells - C. Endocrine cells - D. Goblet cells - E. Mucous cells\ *(Correct answer: B)* 26. **Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in acidic conditions, is produced by:** - A. Parietal cells - B. Mucous cells - C. Chief cells - D. Endocrine cells - E. Enterocytes\ *(Correct answer: C)* 27. **The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to:** - A. Control food movement into the duodenum - B. Secrete digestive enzymes - C. Absorb nutrients - D. Regulate bile release - E. Produce gastric acid\ *(Correct answer: A)* 28. **Which of the following is a major function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?** - A. Emulsify fats - B. Begin protein digestion - C. Neutralize stomach contents - D. Activate salivary enzymes - E. Reduce acid production\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Small Intestine Structure and Function** 29. **The first section of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs, is the:** - A. Ileum - B. Cecum - C. Duodenum - D. Jejunum - E. Rectum\ *(Correct answer: C)* 30. **Which structure increases the surface area of the small intestine to enhance nutrient absorption?** - A. Microvilli - B. Goblet cells - C. Lacteals - D. Mucus glands - E. Lymph nodes\ *(Correct answer: A)* 31. **Brunner's glands, located in the duodenum, secrete:** - A. Hydrochloric acid - B. Bile - C. Mucus to neutralize stomach acid - D. Enzymes for protein digestion - E. Insulin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 32. **The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the:** - A. Duodenum - B. Jejunum - C. Ileum - D. Cecum - E. Stomach\ *(Correct answer: B)* 33. **The lymphatic vessels called lacteals, found within villi, are primarily responsible for absorbing:** - A. Amino acids - B. Monosaccharides - C. Water - D. Lipids - E. Vitamins\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Functions** 34. **The liver produces bile, which functions to:** - A. Neutralize stomach acid - B. Digest carbohydrates - C. Emulsify fats - D. Absorb proteins - E. Break down starch\ *(Correct answer: C)* 35. **Bile is stored and concentrated in the:** - A. Pancreas - B. Gallbladder - C. Duodenum - D. Small intestine - E. Liver\ *(Correct answer: B)* 36. **Which hormone stimulates the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice?** - A. Gastrin - B. Cholecystokinin (CCK) - C. Secretin - D. Insulin - E. Glucagon\ *(Correct answer: C)* 37. **Pancreatic lipase is essential for the digestion of:** - A. Proteins - B. Carbohydrates - C. Lipids - D. Nucleic acids - E. Fibers\ *(Correct answer: C)* 38. **The liver\'s role in carbohydrate metabolism includes:** - A. Emulsifying fats - B. Storing glucose as glycogen - C. Breaking down protein - D. Absorbing minerals - E. Secreting insulin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 39. **Which blood vessel transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver?** - A. Hepatic artery - B. Portal vein - C. Splenic vein - D. Inferior vena cava - E. Aorta\ *(Correct answer: B)* 40. **The pancreas releases which enzyme to continue carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?** - A. Pepsin - B. Sucrase - C. Amylase - D. Lipase - E. Lactase\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Water Absorption** 41. **The main function of the large intestine is to:** - A. Absorb nutrients - B. Digest proteins - C. Absorb water and electrolytes - D. Produce enzymes - E. Secrete bile\ *(Correct answer: C)* 42. **The section of the large intestine closest to the small intestine is the:** - A. Rectum - B. Sigmoid colon - C. Cecum - D. Transverse colon - E. Ascending colon\ *(Correct answer: C)* 43. **Beneficial bacteria in the large intestine help produce which vitamin?** - A. Vitamin D - B. Vitamin C - C. Vitamin K - D. Vitamin B12 - E. Vitamin E\ *(Correct answer: C)* 44. **The presence of food in the stomach that triggers mass movements in the colon is called the:** - A. Defecation reflex - B. Enterogastric reflex - C. Gastrocolic reflex - D. Esophageal reflex - E. Colon peristalsis reflex\ *(Correct answer: C)* 45. **The ileocecal valve regulates the passage of materials from the:** - A. Stomach to the duodenum - B. Small intestine to the large intestine - C. Large intestine to the rectum - D. Pancreas to the liver - E. Gallbladder to the duodenum\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Defecation and Rectal Function** 46. **The defecation reflex is primarily triggered by:** - A. Food entering the stomach - B. Bile release - C. Stretching of the rectum - D. Enzyme secretion - E. Increased blood glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* 47. **The external anal sphincter is controlled by:** - A. Smooth muscle - B. Involuntary reflexes - C. Skeletal muscle and voluntary control - D. Hormonal signals - E. Peristalsis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 48. **The main purpose of the rectum is to:** - A. Absorb nutrients - B. Release digestive enzymes - C. Store feces before defecation - D. Neutralize stomach acid - E. Secrete bile\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Digestion** 49. **Which enzyme completes the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?** - A. Lipase - B. Pepsin - C. Sucrase - D. Lactase - E. Trypsin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 50. **Protein digestion begins in the:** - A. Mouth - B. Stomach - C. Small intestine - D. Large intestine - E. Liver\ *(Correct answer: B)* 51. **Which enzyme is essential for lipid digestion in the small intestine?** - A. Amylase - B. Sucrase - C. Lipase - D. Pepsin - E. Maltase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 52. **A deficiency in lactase would affect the digestion of:** - A. Glucose - B. Starch - C. Lactose - D. Proteins - E. Fats\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Absorption of Nutrients** 53. **The small intestine absorbs glucose by:** - A. Osmosis - B. Passive diffusion - C. Active transport - D. Filtration - E. Simple diffusion\ *(Correct answer: C)* 54. **Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine via:** - A. Passive diffusion - B. Active transport - C. Filtration - D. Osmosis - E. Bulk transport\ *(Correct answer: B)* 55. **The lymphatic system absorbs and transports which type of nutrient from the small intestine?** - A. Carbohydrates - B. Amino acids - C. Lipids - D. Vitamins - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: C)* 56. **Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed:** - A. Directly into blood capillaries - B. Alongside lipids in the lymphatic system - C. In the large intestine - D. Exclusively in the stomach - E. Only in the liver\ *(Correct answer: B)* 57. **The major site of nutrient absorption in the digestive tract is the:** - A. Mouth - B. Esophagus - C. Stomach - D. Small intestine - E. Large intestine\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolism and Cellular Respiration** 58. **Glycolysis, the initial breakdown of glucose, occurs in the:** - A. Mitochondria - B. Cytoplasm - C. Nucleus - D. Ribosome - E. Golgi apparatus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 59. **The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, occurs in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Mitochondrial matrix - C. Nucleus - D. Ribosomes - E. Cell membrane\ *(Correct answer: B)* 60. **In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to:** - A. Glucose - B. Lactic acid - C. Acetyl-CoA - D. Glycogen - E. NADH\ *(Correct answer: B)* 61. **The electron transport chain, responsible for most ATP production, is located in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Golgi apparatus - C. Mitochondrial inner membrane - D. Nucleus - E. Endoplasmic reticulum\ *(Correct answer: C)* 62. **Beta-oxidation is the process by which:** - A. Carbohydrates are broken down - B. Fats are broken down into acetyl-CoA - C. Proteins are synthesized - D. Glycogen is produced - E. Amino acids are converted to glucose\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Energy Production and Nutrient Use** 63. **The end products of aerobic respiration are:** - A. Glucose and oxygen - B. Lactic acid and ATP - C. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP - D. Fatty acids and glucose - E. Glycogen and protein\ *(Correct answer: C)* 64. **The body primarily uses which macronutrient as an immediate source of energy?** - A. Proteins - B. Carbohydrates - C. Lipids - D. Nucleic acids - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: B)* 65. **Excess glucose in the body is primarily stored as:** - A. Fatty acids - B. Proteins - C. Nucleic acids - D. Glycogen - E. Vitamins\ *(Correct answer: D)* 66. **The main function of proteins in the body is to:** - A. Provide immediate energy - B. Act as building blocks for tissues - C. Form nucleotides - D. Store carbohydrates - E. Serve as a long-term energy reserve\ *(Correct answer: B)* 67. **Fatty acids are stored in the body as:** - A. Glucose - B. Starch - C. Triglycerides - D. Glycogen - E. Amino acids\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism** 68. **Insulin is released in response to:** - A. Low blood glucose levels - B. High blood glucose levels - C. High amino acid levels - D. Low oxygen levels - E. High carbon dioxide levels\ *(Correct answer: B)* 69. **Glucagon functions to:** - A. Increase glucose uptake by cells - B. Lower blood glucose - C. Stimulate glycogen breakdown in the liver - D. Store lipids - E. Reduce metabolism\ *(Correct answer: C)* 70. **The hormone cortisol promotes:** - A. Glucose storage - B. Protein synthesis - C. Glycogen breakdown and glucose production - D. Insulin secretion - E. Amino acid storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* 71. **Which hormone stimulates glucose uptake in cells?** - A. Glucagon - B. Cortisol - C. Epinephrine - D. Insulin - E. Thyroxine\ *(Correct answer: D)* 72. **The \"fight or flight\" response, which increases glucose availability, is triggered by:** - A. Insulin - B. Epinephrine - C. Melatonin - D. Glucagon - E. Secretin\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Thermoregulation and Heat Regulation** 73. **The hypothalamus plays a major role in:** - A. Protein synthesis - B. Heat production in muscles - C. Thermoregulation and body temperature control - D. Digestive enzyme production - E. Nutrient absorption\ *(Correct answer: C)* 74. **Heat is transferred from the skin to the environment through:** - A. Evaporation, radiation, conduction, and convection - B. Digestion, peristalsis, and absorption - C. ATP synthesis - D. Blood flow only - E. Nutrient oxidation\ *(Correct answer: A)* 75. **Shivering helps increase body temperature by:** - A. Reducing blood flow - B. Increasing muscle activity to generate heat - C. Decreasing metabolic rate - D. Increasing blood glucose - E. Absorbing oxygen\ *(Correct answer: B)* 76. **In hot conditions, the body cools itself primarily through:** - A. Vasoconstriction - B. Shivering - C. Evaporation of sweat - D. Reducing heart rate - E. Decreasing cellular respiration\ *(Correct answer: C)* 77. **Vasodilation aids in heat loss by:** - A. Decreasing blood flow to muscles - B. Narrowing blood vessels near the skin - C. Expanding blood vessels near the skin - D. Increasing blood flow to the liver - E. Blocking sweat production\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Vitamins and Minerals** 78. **Vitamin D is important for:** - A. Blood clotting - B. Muscle contraction - C. Calcium absorption and bone health - D. Vision and immune function - E. Collagen formation\ *(Correct answer: C)* 79. **A deficiency in vitamin B12 may lead to:** - A. Rickets - B. Anemia - C. Vision problems - D. Muscle wasting - E. Blood clots\ *(Correct answer: B)* 80. **Vitamin C is essential for:** - A. Blood clotting - B. Bone health - C. Collagen formation and immune function - D. Glycogen storage - E. Vision\ *(Correct answer: C)* 81. **The mineral potassium is important for:** - A. Blood clotting - B. Muscle contraction and nerve function - C. Skin hydration - D. Vitamin synthesis - E. Iron absorption\ *(Correct answer: B)* 82. **Iron is a key component of:** - A. Bone tissue - B. Myelin - C. Hemoglobin - D. Bile salts - E. Vitamin D\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Energy Metabolism and ATP Production** 83. **The molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of the cell is:** - A. Glucose - B. ATP - C. NADH - D. Fatty acids - E. Pyruvate\ *(Correct answer: B)* 84. **In cellular respiration, the majority of ATP is produced in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Nucleus - C. Mitochondria - D. Golgi apparatus - E. Lysosome\ *(Correct answer: C)* 85. **The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to:** - A. Generate oxygen - B. Produce ATP directly - C. Generate NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain - D. Produce glycogen - E. Release carbon dioxide as the only product\ *(Correct answer: C)* 86. **During anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis in muscle cells is:** - A. Pyruvate - B. Lactic acid - C. Acetyl-CoA - D. Carbon dioxide - E. Water\ *(Correct answer: B)* 87. **The primary substrate used by muscle cells during prolonged exercise is:** - A. Fatty acids - B. Glucose only - C. Amino acids - D. Proteins - E. Nucleic acids\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Absorptive and Postabsorptive States** 88. **During the absorptive state, the body primarily stores excess nutrients as:** - A. Proteins and vitamins - B. Carbohydrates only - C. Glycogen and lipids - D. Nucleic acids - E. Hormones and enzymes\ *(Correct answer: C)* 89. **In the postabsorptive state, the body relies on which source for glucose?** - A. Dietary carbohydrates - B. Liver glycogen stores - C. Muscle proteins directly - D. Stored vitamins - E. Lymphatic system\ *(Correct answer: B)* 90. **Gluconeogenesis allows the liver to produce glucose from:** - A. Stored glycogen only - B. Non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids - C. Fatty acids directly - D. Minerals and vitamins - E. Dietary glucose only\ *(Correct answer: B)*