Studies on Root Canal Anatomy PDF

**[Studies on root canal anatomy:]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Author & year | Type of | Findings | | | study/methodology | | +=======================+===============...

**[Studies on root canal anatomy:]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Author & year | Type of | Findings | | | study/methodology | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Gustav Preiswerk | **Injected metallic | **determined that | | 1903** | corrosion + | there is a great | | | decalcification** | variability in form, | | | | number, and branching | | | | in the root-canals.** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Guido Fischer** | dilute celluloid | bring out the | | | fluid | delicate branchings | | 1907 | | of the root-canals. | | | | | | | | Introduced the | | | | concept of : root | | | | canal system | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Werner Spalteholz** | Decalcified (→ | Revolutionized | | | transparent) and | anatomical research | | 1911 | colored organs. | by allowing **3D | | | | visualization** witho | | | | ut | | | | dissection | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **T Okumura** | Sectioning | Rapport between | | | | external and internal | | **1911** | | surfaces | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **H. Moral** | Filling the pulpal | existence of MB2 | | | cavity with Chinese | canals. | | **1914** | inks and then opening | | | | the tissues (or | | | | decalcifying ppt | | | | roula ) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Walter Hess** | Filling canals with | revealed that root | | | volcanic caoutchouc | canals | | **1917** | then decalcify | are **voluminous in | | | | youth** and become | | | | more complex as they | | | | mature. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **T Okumura 1926** | Diaphanization | | | | echantllion 2145 | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **A H Muller 1933** | Taking radiographs on | Multiple canals in | | | extracted teeth | single roots | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **David green 1955** | Optical Microscope | Apical anatomy | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Weine 1969** | Sectioning *+ | The first to | | | radiographic*\ | categorize root canal | | | (study was done on | configurations within | | | maxillary first | a single root into | | | molars) | three types. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Pineda and kuttler | Radiographic | | | 1972** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Vertucci 1974** | Stained with dye + | Identified 8 | | | **microdissection and | configurations. | | | clearing** | | | | | | | | **= diaphanization** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Mayo 1986** | Injecting radio | | | | opaque product + | | | | taking radiographs | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Tachibana and | Reconstruction in 3 | | | Matsumoto 1990** | dimensions | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Dowker 1997** | Micro-CT | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Versiani & | **micro-CT | have revealed up | | Ordinola-Zapata, | technology**  | to **37 distinct root | | 2015** | | canal configuration | | | | types**  | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Ahmed et al. | | New classification A | | (2017)** | | black text on a white | | | | background | | | | Description | | | | automatically | | | | generated | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Studying techniques : - Grinding/ sectioning with discs or stones - Diaphanization - Radiograph / CBCT / micro-CT - Post-ttt clinical observation Clearing/diaphanization technique/ *Injection and replacement*: → vertucci 1. removing the remaining pulpal tissue 2. The teeth are dried and a dye is injected into the canal system 3. decalcified using an acidic solution 4. dehydrated in increasing grades of ethanol 5. empty spaces within the teeth are replaced with methyl salicylate → vertucci - teeth are decalcified by acids immediately following extraction - hematoxylin dye is placed in the pulp canals - the teeth are dehydrated with alcohol - then placed in clear acrylic casting resin - viewing from any direction this method was initially developed by Seelig **[Other articles ]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Classic studies** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | weine 1988 | used files + | M root : | | | radiographs for | | | | mandibular second | \- 52.0% a type II | | | molars | | | | | \- 40.0% type III | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Vertucci 1984 | Diaphanization + | Benefits of the | | | under dissecting | clearing techniques | | | microscope +\ | for morphology | | | according to vertucci | studies | | | 1974 classification | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Stropko 1999 | Analysis and | **MB2 canals were | | | examination of | located in 93.0% of | | | previous data | first** | | | collected while | | | | treating maxillary | **molars and 60.4% in | | | molars | second molars.** | | | | | | | | **It occurred as a | | | | separate canal in | | | | 54.9% of first | | | | molars, 45.6% of | | | | second molars** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Dummer 1984 | sectioning the root | **- 4 topographies : | | | | traditional single -- | | | apices in a | tapered -- | | | longitudinal | multiconstricted -- | | | direction using a | parallel** | | | diamond | | | | | **- The mean A---F | | | disc + magnification | distance was 0,38 mm | | | | and the** | | | | | | | | **mean A---C distance | | | | 0,89 mm, although it | | | | must be** | | | | | | | | **stressed that a | | | | wide range of values | | | | was observed** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Gabby haddad 1999 | Clinical | **19.1% C shaped | | | | canals in mandibular | | | | 2^nd^ molars** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cunningham 1992 | Radiograph on | **Canals curvatures** | | | extracted teeth | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **New studies** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Versiani 2016 | Micro-CT | Middle mesial canal | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Ordinola-Zapata 2019 | Micro-CT | dentine thickness | | | | from both distal | | | | ('**danger zone'**) | | | | and mesial ('safety | | | | zone') aspects of the | | | | MB1 and MB2 canals of | | | | maxillary first | | | | molars at | | | | | | | | the furcation level | | | | | | | | \- At least 50% of | | | | the sample had \