ANAT LECT 3-4. Bone I,II.pptx

Bones Lecture 3 Anatomy unit  Objectives Define Skeleton. Differentiate between Axial and Appendicular skeleton. Define bones with their constituents. Enumerate their functions. Define Cartilage. Discuss different types of cartilage with exam...

Bones Lecture 3 Anatomy unit  Objectives Define Skeleton. Differentiate between Axial and Appendicular skeleton. Define bones with their constituents. Enumerate their functions. Define Cartilage. Discuss different types of cartilage with examples. Classify the bones on the following basis. 1. Histological or Microscopically 2. Gross Appearance or Macroscopically  Objectives Define Ossification and its types. Describe developing parts of a typical long bone. Give the arterial supply of a Mature long Bone. What are different types of bone break. Define terms used for describing Bony features.  BONES Definition: Is a hard form of calcified connective tissue. Composition: 1. Bone cells called osteocytes. 2. Collagenous matrix (organic). 3. Mineral contents (inorganic).  BONES  Osteoblasts: bone building, bone repairing cells (Osteogenesis)  Osteocytes: (mature bone cells)  Osteoclasts: cells that cause absorption of bone or dissolve bone matrix (Osteolysis)  Functions: 1. Shape & support to the body. 2. Protection: skull (brain), vertebral column (spinal cord), thoracic cage (heart and lungs). 3. Attachment to muscles, locomotion. 4. Mineral storage: calcium, phosphate 5. Weight transmission 6. Respiration  Functions: 7. Blood cell formation 8. Red bone marrow: red haemopoietic tissue in: a. Ends of long bone, b. Bodies of vertebrae,, c. Flat bones (sternum, skull, scapula, hip bone) Parts of a long bone  Epiphysis: the end of long bone  Epiphyseal cartilage. Plate of hyaline cartilage separate the end from shaft Site of growth of bone in length  Diaphysis: the shaft Composed of a cylinder of compact bone with a cavity called medullary cavity  Metaphysis: region of shaft close to epiphyseal cartilage Parts of a long bone  Endosteum: membrane lining the medullary cavity  Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covers the shaft Responsible for growth of bone in width Blood supply of the long bone : 1. Nutrient artery 2. Epiphyseal artery 3. Periosteal artery 4. Metaphyseal artery  Classification of bones According to According to position ossification According to According to shape structure According to position: A) Axial skeleton: 1. Skull with Mandible 2. Vertebral column 3. with Sacrum and coccyx 4. Hyoid bone 5. Ribs 6. Sternum Hyoid bone Vertebral column:  Formed of 32-33 vertebrae 1. Cervical (neck) region: 7 vertebrae 2. Thoracic (chest) region: 12 vertebrae 3. Lumbar (low back) region: 5 vertebrae 4. Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae 5. Coccyx: 3-4 fused vertebrae According to position: Ribs & sternum 1. Ribs 2. Sternum 3. Costal cartilage According to position: 2. Appendicular skeleton Upper limb bones  Girdle: Shoulder girdle 1. Anteriorly: Clavicle 2. Posteriorly: scapula  Proximal segment: Arm Humerus  Middle segment: Forearm 1. Laterally: Radius 2. Medially: ulna  Distal segment: Hand According to position: 2. Appendicular skeleton Upper limb bones: Hand  Carpal bones (8)  Metacarpal bones: 5  Phalanges: 14 each finger has 3 phalanges except the thumb has 2 only According to position: 2. Appendicular skeleton Lower limb bones:  Girdle: pelvic girdle Hip bone  Proximal segment: thigh Femur  Middle segment: Leg 1. Laterally: fibula 2. Medially: tibia  Distal segment: foot According to position: 2. Appendicular skeleton Lower limb bones: Foot A. Tarsal bones (7) B. Metatarsal bones: 5 C. Phalanges: 14 each toe has 3 phalanges except the big toe has 2 only  Clavicle Humerus Scapula Hip Hip Femur Tibia fibula Accordin g to shape: According to shape: 1) Long bone  Bones of arm and forearm  Bones of thigh and leg According to shape: 2) Short bone  Tarsal and carpal bones According to shape: 3) Irregular bone  Vertebrae and base of skull, Mandible, Hyoid According to shape: 4) Flat bone  Scapula and skull cap Bones,Ribs,Sternum, According to shape: 5) Sesamoid bone  Patella and pisiform According to shape: 6) Pneumatic bone  Bones which contains air spaces  Skull bones According to structure:  Compact bone: Dense, ivory like. Present in the cortex of the long bones  Spongy bone: Bone trabeculae and spaces. In the epiphysis of the long bones According to ossification:  Intramembranous ossification: Membrane like Present in Shaft of clavicle, bones of face, skull cap  Intracartilaginous ossification Cartilaginous model………bone present in ribs, vertebrae, upper and lower limbs bone  Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage Characters: ……. Sites: articular, costal, trachea  Cartilage 1. Elastic cartilage Characters: ……. Sites: ear pinna, epiglottis  Cartilage 1. Fibro-cartilage Characters: ……. Sites: Intervertebral disc, Intrarticular disc, Mensci CLINICAL CASE A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being involved in a bicycling accident. He complains of severe pain over the front of his right shoulder. Physical examination shows supraclavicular swelling and bruising. The shoulder's range of motion is limited by pain. An x- ray of the shoulder shows a fracture of bone.Which of the following long bones is fractured in this pateien? A.Humerus B.Radius C.Ulna D.Clavicle REFERENCE BOOK READING Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th edition, 2018 (LAWRENCE E. WINESKI). PAGES-39-40-Classification of bones Fracture ---SDL https://next.amboss.com/us/article/T3 063f?q=fracture%20types#T4a6ik  CLINICAL CASE A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being involved in a bicycling accident. He complains of severe pain over the front of his right shoulder. He refuses to move his right arm. Physical examination shows supraclavicular swelling and bruising. The shoulder's range of motion is limited by pain. An x- ray of the shoulder shows a fracture of bone.Which of the following long bones is fractured in this pateien? A.Humerus B.Radius C.Ulna D.Clavicle https://next.amboss.com/us/questions/p4QvL4w-W/1